Chemical Eye Injury: Immediate Steps to Save Sight
- The Straits Eye Centre
- Sep 20
- 4 min read
Introduction: Why Chemical Eye Injuries Are Medical Emergencies
Unlike dust or foreign particles that irritate the eye, chemical eye injuries can cause immediate and lasting damage. Acids and alkalis, when splashed into the eye, can penetrate tissues rapidly, leading to corneal burns, scarring, and permanent vision loss if not treated promptly.
In Singapore, such injuries often occur in workplaces, home cleaning accidents, or laboratory environments. Quick, correct action within minutes can mean the difference between full recovery and permanent sight loss.
What Is a Chemical Eye Injury?
A chemical eye injury happens when harmful substances come into direct contact with the eye’s surface. The severity depends on the type of chemical, the amount, and how quickly treatment is started.
Acid burns: Cause coagulation, usually more limited damage.
Alkali burns: More dangerous, penetrate deeply and can cause ongoing tissue destruction.
Causes and Risk Factors
Workplace accidents (construction, cleaning, laboratory work).
Household chemicals like bleach, detergents, and strong cleaners.
Accidental splashes while cooking (e.g., hot oil, chili juice).
Car battery acid or industrial solvents.
Symptoms of Chemical Eye Injury
Intense pain and burning.
Redness and swelling of the eyelids.
Blurred or reduced vision.
Excessive tearing or discharge.
Sensation of something stuck in the eye.
In severe cases: corneal whitening, loss of vision, or perforation.
Emergency First Aid: What To Do Immediately
Do’s:
Rinse the eye immediately with clean water or saline for at least 15–30 minutes.
Hold eyelids open to ensure thorough washing.
Remove contact lenses while flushing.
Seek urgent medical care after irrigation.
Don’ts:
Do not rub the eye.
Do not delay rinsing to check what the chemical was.
Do not apply other substances (like milk or herbal remedies).
Diagnosis
In the emergency department or eye clinic, specialists may:
Assess pH of the eye surface.
Use slit-lamp examination to evaluate damage.
Check intraocular pressure (which can increase after severe burns).
Treatment Options
Immediate
Copious irrigation until pH normalises.
Topical anaesthetic drops for pain relief.
Medical
Antibiotic drops to prevent infection.
Anti-inflammatory or steroid drops to reduce scarring.
Artificial tears for lubrication.
Surgical
Amniotic membrane grafts for severe burns.
Corneal transplant if scarring is extensive.
Complications if Left Untreated
Chronic pain and irritation.
Severe corneal scarring or thinning.
Glaucoma from high eye pressure.
Permanent vision loss.
Prevention Tips
Wear protective eyewear in workplaces and labs.
Store chemicals safely at home.
Label containers clearly.
Educate children and domestic helpers about safe handling.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the first thing to do if chemicals splash into the eye?
Start rinsing immediately with water or saline for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical care.
2. Why are alkali burns worse than acid burns?
Alkalis penetrate deeper into eye tissues, causing ongoing damage even after initial exposure.
3. Can I wash my eyes with tap water?
Yes. Immediate rinsing with clean tap water is life-saving if saline isn’t available.
4. Should I bring the chemical container to the hospital?
Yes. It helps the medical team identify the substance and tailor treatment.
5. How long should irrigation continue?
At least 15–30 minutes, and until the eye’s pH returns to normal in hospital.
6. Can chemical burns heal completely?
Mild burns often heal with prompt treatment. Severe burns may cause lasting scarring or vision loss.
7. Do contact lens wearers face more risks?
Yes. Lenses can trap chemicals against the eye. Always remove them during irrigation.
8. When should I see a specialist after first aid?
Immediately. Even if pain improves, specialist assessment is critical to detect hidden damage.
Meet Our Specialists
At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families.
Dr Jayant V Iyer
Senior Consultant & Medical Director
Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage.
Dr Jason Lee
Senior Consultant & Medical Director
Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia.
Cost, Medisave, and Insurance
Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide.
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