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All images are for educational purposes only and do not depict actual patients or procedures. Why Early Detection Matters for Your Child’s Vision Children’s eyes grow and change rapidly, especially in the first decade of life. Some vision problems develop slowly and without obvious symptoms, which means your child may not realise they can’t see clearly. By the time symptoms are noticeable, the condition may already be advanced. Preliminary Vision Screening for Children  is designed to identify eye issues such as myopia (short-sightedness), hyperopia (long-sightedness), astigmatism, amblyopia (lazy eye), and strabismus (eye misalignment) early, often before they affect school performance, social interaction, or long-term vision health. Early detection leads to early intervention, and that can make the difference between a lifelong vision problem and a lifetime of clear sight. What Is a Preliminary Vision Screening? A preliminary vision screening is a quick, specialist-led check of your child’s vision and eye alignment. It’s not as comprehensive as a full eye health assessment, but it’s an essential first step in protecting your child’s vision. What We Check For Myopia (Short-sightedness) : Blurred distance vision, now affecting more than 80% of young adults in Singapore, often starting in primary school. Hyperopia (Long-sightedness) : Clear distance vision but difficulty focusing up close, which can affect reading and classroom tasks. Astigmatism : Blurred vision at all distances caused by an irregular corneal or lens shape. Amblyopia (Lazy Eye) : Reduced vision in one eye due to disrupted visual development, best treated before age 7–8. Strabismus (Eye Misalignment) : Eyes that point in different directions, affecting depth perception and potentially leading to amblyopia. Signs Your Child May Need a Vision Check While all children benefit from regular screenings, some warning signs should prompt you to book sooner: Squinting, tilting the head, or covering one eye when focusing Sitting very close to screens or holding books close to the face Complaints of headaches, eye strain, or blurred vision Eyes that appear to cross, drift, or turn outwards Avoidance of reading or close work Slow reading or frequent loss of place in text Preliminary Vision Screening for children at The Straits Eye Centre Our approach is child-friendly, quick, and accurate, making it suitable even for very young children. Step 1: History and Symptom Review We ask about your child’s visual habits, any complaints they’ve expressed, and your family’s history of eye conditions. Step 2: Visual Acuity Testing We measure vision using age-appropriate methods, from picture charts for younger children to letter charts for older ones. Step 3: Eye Alignment Assessment Using light reflex and cover tests, we check if the eyes are properly aligned and working together. Step 4: Specialist Feedback You’ll receive a clear explanation of the findings, plus advice on whether your child needs further testing or treatment. Why Choose The Straits Eye Centre for Your Child’s Screening Paediatric expertise : Our screenings are led by doctors with extensive training in children’s vision. Comfort-focused care : Assessments are designed to be quick and stress-free for young patients. Parent partnership : We guide you step-by-step, ensuring you understand results and next steps. Early action : We aim to catch and manage conditions before they affect learning or development. Frequently Asked Questions 1. How often should my child have a preliminary vision screening? The Health Promotion Board in Singapore recommends screenings at preschool entry and at Primary 1. However, if there is a family history of myopia, strabismus, or other eye issues, screenings every 6–12 months are advisable. Rapid changes in vision can occur during growth spurts, so regular monitoring is key. 2. Is preliminary screening enough to diagnose an eye condition? No. Preliminary screenings are designed to flag possible issues. If we detect a concern, your child will need a comprehensive eye health assessment . This includes detailed refraction tests, slit-lamp examination, and possibly pupil dilation to assess internal eye health. 3. At what age should my child first be screened? We recommend the first screening by age 3, even if there are no symptoms. Early screenings can detect congenital conditions like amblyopia or strabismus, which respond best to treatment before school age. 4. Does screening hurt or involve eye drops? Preliminary screenings are completely non-invasive and painless. We do not use eye drops unless there is a clinical need for further testing. This makes it comfortable for even the youngest children. 5. What happens if a problem is detected? If screening results indicate a possible issue, we will: Explain the findings in clear, parent-friendly terms. Recommend a full assessment to confirm the diagnosis. Outline the likely treatment pathway, such as glasses, patching, or vision therapy for amblyopia, or myopia control strategies. 6. How long does the screening take? Most screenings are completed within 15–20 minutes, depending on your child’s age and cooperation. We encourage parents to prepare their child by explaining that the visit will be quick and easy. 7. Is it covered by Medisave or insurance? Medisave generally does not cover standalone screenings. However, some private insurance wellness plans may include paediatric vision checks. If treatment is required afterward, certain procedures and consultations may be claimable under Medisave or insurance. 8. What’s the difference between preliminary screening and comprehensive assessment? Preliminary screening checks for key indicators of vision problems, while a comprehensive assessment examines the eye’s full structure, focusing ability, and health. The latter is more in-depth and is necessary if the initial screening shows any abnormal findings. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Audrey Pang Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Paediatric Ophthalmology, Myopia Control, Amblyopia, Strabismus Trained at the University of Cambridge and fellowship-trained in the UK, Dr Audrey Pang specialises in children’s eye care and adult strabismus. She has held roles at Tan Tock Seng Hospital and serves as Visiting Consultant at TTSH and NUH, offering gentle, evidence-based care for patients of all ages. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight.  Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

All images are for educational purposes only and do not depict actual patients or procedures. Why a Comprehensive Eye Health Assessment Matters Good vision in childhood is the foundation for learning, development, and confidence. While basic screenings can alert you to potential issues, they often cannot uncover the full picture. A Comprehensive Eye Health Assessment for Children  is a specialist-led evaluation that looks at every aspect of your child’s vision and eye health. It goes beyond reading letters on a chart. It checks how the eyes work together, whether the visual system is developing normally, and if there are any early signs of conditions that could affect sight in the long term. In a country like Singapore, where myopia rates among children are among the highest globally, timely and thorough assessments can make a lasting difference. What Makes This Assessment Different from a Basic Eye Check Unlike school vision tests or quick community screenings, this assessment is designed to be complete, precise, and personalised. It is performed by an eye specialist who understands the nuances of childhood eye development. Key components include: Refraction testing  to determine the exact prescription for glasses, if needed. Binocular vision testing  to check how well the eyes coordinate. Eye health examination  to look for issues affecting the cornea, retina, or optic nerve. Assessment of focusing ability  to detect strain or hidden vision problems. Medical history review  to identify genetic or systemic health factors that might impact vision. The aim is to detect and address issues before they affect your child’s everyday life, school performance, or social confidence. Common Conditions Detected in a Comprehensive Eye Health Assessment for Children Myopia (Short-sightedness) Myopia causes distant objects to appear blurry. In Singapore, more than half of primary school children are affected, and progression can be rapid. Early detection allows timely introduction of myopia control methods such as specially designed spectacles, contact lenses, or low-dose atropine eye drops. Hyperopia (Long-sightedness) Hyperopia can make near work difficult and may contribute to eyestrain or headaches. Left uncorrected, it can also lead to strabismus or amblyopia in children. Astigmatism Astigmatism blurs vision at all distances. Early correction ensures your child can focus comfortably on classroom tasks and reading. Amblyopia (Lazy Eye) Amblyopia occurs when one eye develops poorer vision than the other, often because the brain starts ignoring input from that eye. If detected early, treatment can be highly effective. Strabismus (Eye Misalignment) When the eyes are not aligned, depth perception and binocular vision are compromised. Detecting it early allows for non-surgical or surgical correction before vision loss sets in. What to Expect During the Appointment Pre-assessment Preparation Parents are encouraged to share details about their child’s visual habits, past eye issues, family history of eye conditions, and any learning difficulties. The Examination Process Visual acuity tests  for both distance and near vision. Refraction  to determine accurate prescription needs. Eye muscle function tests  to assess coordination. Slit-lamp examination  to check the cornea and anterior eye structures. Dilated eye examination  when required, to view the retina and optic nerve in detail. Discussion and Next Steps The specialist explains the results in simple, clear language and recommends a management plan tailored to your child’s needs. How Often Should My Child Have a Comprehensive Eye Check? For children without known risk factors, yearly assessments are recommended. If your child has a family history of myopia, amblyopia, or other significant eye conditions, or if they already wear glasses, more frequent checks may be advised. Benefits of Early and Specialist-Led Detection Early treatment  before irreversible damage occurs Customised care  based on the child’s age, condition, and lifestyle Better school performance  through clear and comfortable vision Peace of mind  for parents through ongoing monitoring Frequently Asked Questions 1. How is this different from a school vision screening? School screenings are useful but limited. They typically test only for distance vision and may miss issues like astigmatism, hyperopia, or eye coordination problems. A comprehensive assessment by an eye specialist includes a complete evaluation of visual function and eye health. 2. Will my child need eye drops? In many cases, yes. Dilating eye drops help relax the focusing muscles, giving the most accurate measurement of prescription and allowing a detailed view of the retina. The drops may cause temporary light sensitivity and blurred near vision for a few hours. 3. How long does the assessment take? Most sessions last between 30 to 60 minutes, depending on whether dilation is required. The aim is thoroughness rather than speed. 4. Is it painful? No. Some children may feel mild stinging from eye drops, but the process is otherwise comfortable. The specialist team is trained to keep children at ease. 5. How soon will I know the results? In most cases, results are discussed immediately. If additional tests are needed, your specialist will advise on follow-up timing. 6. What happens if a condition is detected? A personalised care plan will be created. This may involve prescribing corrective lenses, recommending vision therapy, or referring for further medical or surgical treatment. 7. Is this assessment covered by insurance? While Medisave is generally not claimable for standalone screenings, some insurance wellness plans may include it. If a condition requiring treatment is found, that treatment may be claimable under specific policies. 8. When should I book my child’s first comprehensive assessment? Specialists often recommend the first check by age three, earlier if there are signs such as squinting, eye rubbing, sitting too close to screens, or delayed developmental milestones. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Audrey Pang Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Paediatric Ophthalmology, Myopia Control, Amblyopia, Strabismus Trained at the University of Cambridge and fellowship-trained in the UK, Dr Audrey Pang specialises in children’s eye care and adult strabismus. She has held roles at Tan Tock Seng Hospital and serves as Visiting Consultant at TTSH and NUH, offering gentle, evidence-based care for patients of all ages. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

All images are for educational purposes only and do not depict actual patients or procedures. Why Parents Are Turning to Soft Contact Lenses Myopia is becoming one of the most common childhood eye conditions in Singapore. While spectacles remain the standard option, more parents are now asking about soft contact lenses for Children . For children who are active, self-conscious about glasses, or experiencing progressive myopia, soft contact lenses may be a safe and effective solution. What Are Soft Contact Lenses? Soft contact lenses are thin, flexible lenses that sit directly on the surface of the eye. They are made from hydrogel or silicone hydrogel materials that allow oxygen to pass through, making them comfortable for daily wear. These lenses are available in multiple forms, including: Daily disposables : single-use, most hygienic, convenient for beginners. Bi-weekly or monthly lenses : reusable with proper cleaning, suitable for older children. Toric lenses : designed to correct astigmatism. Myopia control contact lenses : clinically proven to slow the progression of myopia in children. Who Is a Good Candidate? Soft contact lenses can be considered for children as young as 8 years old, depending on their maturity and hygiene habits. They are ideal for children who: Play sports or take part in physical activities where glasses are inconvenient. Have progressive myopia and require additional control methods. Want a more natural look without glasses. Benefits of Soft Contact Lenses for Children Clear vision without glasses : no frame obstruction, wider visual field. Improved confidence : especially for children who feel self-conscious in glasses. Comfort and safety : modern lenses are breathable and well-tolerated. Myopia control : certain lenses can slow progression by up to 50% when fitted early. Safety and Risks When prescribed by a specialist and used responsibly, soft contact lenses are safe for children. The main risks include: Eye infections from poor hygiene. Irritation from over-wear or improper cleaning. Rare allergic reactions to lens materials or cleaning solutions. These risks are minimised with daily disposables , proper lens care, and regular follow-ups with an eye specialist. The Fitting Process Comprehensive assessment : checks for eye health, prescription, and suitability. Lens trial and fitting : child learns insertion and removal. Care education : training for child and parents on safe handling. Follow-up reviews : to monitor safety, comfort, and effectiveness. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Are contact lenses safe for children in Singapore? Yes. Studies show children as young as 8 can safely wear lenses when supervised and taught proper hygiene. 2. Can contact lenses help slow myopia?  Yes. Special dual-focus or multifocal contact lenses are proven to reduce myopia progression in children. 3. How often should my child’s lenses be checked?  Every 6–12 months, or sooner if there are signs of discomfort or vision changes. 4. Can my child wear contact lenses during sports? Yes, they are often preferred for sports, providing stable vision and removing the risk of broken glasses. 5. Are lenses covered by Medisave or insurance? Medisave does not cover contact lenses. Some private insurance plans may include limited coverage. 6. How long does it take to learn how to wear lenses?  Most children learn within a few tries, especially with daily disposables. 7. What if my child forgets or mishandles lenses?  Parents should supervise initially. Clear routines and proper follow-up minimise risks. 8. How do soft contact lenses compare to Ortho-K? Soft contact lenses are worn during the day, while Ortho-K reshapes the cornea overnight. Both can slow myopia, but suitability depends on lifestyle and prescription. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Audrey Pang Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Paediatric Ophthalmology, Myopia Control, Amblyopia, Strabismus Trained at the University of Cambridge and fellowship-trained in the UK, Dr Audrey Pang specialises in children’s eye care and adult strabismus. She has held roles at Tan Tock Seng Hospital and serves as Visiting Consultant at TTSH and NUH, offering gentle, evidence-based care for patients of all ages. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: When Eye Allergies Disrupt Daily Life If your eyes feel constantly red, itchy, or watery, especially during certain seasons or after exposure to dust and pets, you may have allergic conjunctivitis . Unlike infections, this condition is triggered by allergens and is not contagious. In Singapore’s humid climate, exposure to dust mites, pollen, and air pollution makes allergic eye reactions common. With proper management, symptoms can be controlled, helping you maintain clear, comfortable vision. What Is Allergic Conjunctivitis? Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva —the thin membrane covering the white of the eye, reacts to allergens. The body releases histamines, leading to swelling, redness, and itching. There are two main types: Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC):  linked to pollen or environmental changes. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC):  occurs year-round, often from dust, pet dander, or mould. Causes and Risk Factors Pollen, dust mites, mould spores. Pet dander (cats, dogs, birds). Smoke, perfumes, and environmental pollutants. Family history of allergies or asthma. Use of contact lenses in dusty or allergen-rich environments. Symptoms of Allergic Conjunctivitis Itchy eyes (hallmark symptom). Redness and swelling. Watery or stringy discharge. Burning sensation. Puffy eyelids. Sensitivity to light. Complications if Left Untreated Persistent discomfort affecting daily activities. Sleep disturbances from constant itching. Secondary infections from frequent rubbing. In rare cases, corneal involvement leading to blurred vision. Diagnosis An eye specialist may use: Patient history  to identify allergen triggers. Slit-lamp examination  to check for swelling. Allergy tests  for recurrent or severe cases. Treatment Options Self-care and Lifestyle Adjustments Avoid known allergens when possible. Cold compresses for relief. Keep indoor spaces clean and dust-free. Use air filters in rooms. Medical Treatments Lubricating eye drops (artificial tears). Antihistamine or mast-cell stabiliser eye drops. Oral antihistamines for systemic allergy relief. Steroid eye drops for severe cases (under close medical supervision). Contact Lens Considerations Switch to daily disposables during allergy season. Avoid wearing lenses when symptoms are severe. Prevention Tips Shower and wash face after outdoor activities. Wash bedding regularly to reduce dust mites. Keep pets away from bedrooms. Wear wraparound sunglasses outdoors to reduce pollen exposure. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is allergic conjunctivitis contagious? No. Unlike viral or bacterial conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis is triggered by allergens and cannot spread from person to person. 2. Can children get allergic conjunctivitis? Yes. Children are commonly affected, especially if they have eczema, asthma, or other allergies. 3. Are antihistamine drops safe for long-term use? Most are safe when prescribed, but prolonged steroid use for severe cases requires careful specialist monitoring. 4. Can allergic conjunctivitis cause permanent damage? Most cases are harmless, but chronic untreated inflammation may rarely affect the cornea. 5. What’s the difference between allergic and infectious conjunctivitis? Allergic conjunctivitis is itchy and watery, while infections often cause sticky, yellow discharge. 6. Do air purifiers help with allergic conjunctivitis?  Yes, they can reduce indoor allergens like dust and dander. 7. Should I avoid contact lenses if I have allergic conjunctivitis? Yes, at least during flare-ups. Contacts can trap allergens on the eye’s surface. 8. How quickly do symptoms improve with treatment? Mild symptoms may improve within days of starting antihistamine drops, but complete relief may take longer if allergens persist. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why Chemical Eye Injuries Are Medical Emergencies Unlike dust or foreign particles that irritate the eye, chemical eye injuries  can cause immediate and lasting damage. Acids and alkalis, when splashed into the eye, can penetrate tissues rapidly, leading to corneal burns, scarring, and permanent vision loss if not treated promptly. In Singapore, such injuries often occur in workplaces, home cleaning accidents, or laboratory environments. Quick, correct action within minutes can mean the difference between full recovery and permanent sight loss. What Is a Chemical Eye Injury? A chemical eye injury happens when harmful substances come into direct contact with the eye’s surface. The severity depends on the type of chemical, the amount, and how quickly treatment is started. Acid burns : Cause coagulation, usually more limited damage. Alkali burns : More dangerous, penetrate deeply and can cause ongoing tissue destruction. Causes and Risk Factors Workplace accidents (construction, cleaning, laboratory work). Household chemicals like bleach, detergents, and strong cleaners. Accidental splashes while cooking (e.g., hot oil, chili juice). Car battery acid or industrial solvents. Symptoms of Chemical Eye Injury Intense pain and burning. Redness and swelling of the eyelids. Blurred or reduced vision. Excessive tearing or discharge. Sensation of something stuck in the eye. In severe cases: corneal whitening, loss of vision, or perforation. Emergency First Aid: What To Do Immediately Do’s: Rinse the eye immediately with clean water or saline for at least 15–30 minutes . Hold eyelids open to ensure thorough washing. Remove contact lenses while flushing. Seek urgent medical care after irrigation. Don’ts: Do not rub the eye. Do not delay rinsing to check what the chemical was. Do not apply other substances (like milk or herbal remedies). Diagnosis In the emergency department or eye clinic, specialists may: Assess pH of the eye surface. Use slit-lamp examination to evaluate damage. Check intraocular pressure (which can increase after severe burns). Treatment Options Immediate Copious irrigation until pH normalises. Topical anaesthetic drops for pain relief. Medical Antibiotic drops to prevent infection. Anti-inflammatory or steroid drops to reduce scarring. Artificial tears for lubrication. Surgical Amniotic membrane grafts for severe burns. Corneal transplant if scarring is extensive. Complications if Left Untreated Chronic pain and irritation. Severe corneal scarring or thinning. Glaucoma from high eye pressure. Permanent vision loss. Prevention Tips Wear protective eyewear in workplaces and labs. Store chemicals safely at home. Label containers clearly. Educate children and domestic helpers about safe handling. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is the first thing to do if chemicals splash into the eye? Start rinsing immediately with water or saline for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical care. 2. Why are alkali burns worse than acid burns? Alkalis penetrate deeper into eye tissues, causing ongoing damage even after initial exposure. 3. Can I wash my eyes with tap water? Yes. Immediate rinsing with clean tap water is life-saving if saline isn’t available. 4. Should I bring the chemical container to the hospital? Yes. It helps the medical team identify the substance and tailor treatment. 5. How long should irrigation continue? At least 15–30 minutes, and until the eye’s pH returns to normal in hospital. 6. Can chemical burns heal completely? Mild burns often heal with prompt treatment. Severe burns may cause lasting scarring or vision loss. 7. Do contact lens wearers face more risks? Yes. Lenses can trap chemicals against the eye. Always remove them during irrigation. 8. When should I see a specialist after first aid? Immediately. Even if pain improves, specialist assessment is critical to detect hidden damage. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why a Foreign Body in the Eye Is an Emergency The eye is highly sensitive, and even a tiny speck of dust can cause discomfort. But when a foreign body , such as metal, wood, glass, or chemicals, enters the eye, the risk goes beyond irritation. These injuries can lead to infection, scarring, or permanent vision loss  if not managed promptly. In Singapore, foreign body injuries are a common cause of emergency eye clinic visits. Knowing the right steps to take immediately can make all the difference in protecting your sight. What Is a Foreign Body in the Eye? A foreign body is any object or material that becomes lodged on the surface of the eye or penetrates deeper into its structures. Types include: Superficial foreign bodies : dust, eyelashes, sand, contact lens debris. Embedded or penetrating foreign bodies : glass, wood, or metal shavings. Chemical exposure : cleaning agents, industrial chemicals, or cement particles. Causes and Risk Factors Workplace injuries in construction, manufacturing, or welding. Household accidents while cooking, cleaning, or gardening. Poor contact lens hygiene. Outdoor activities in windy or dusty conditions. Lack of protective eyewear during high-risk tasks. Symptoms of a Foreign Body in the Eye Sudden pain or discomfort. Tearing and redness. Foreign body sensation (feeling like something is in the eye). Blurred vision or reduced clarity. Light sensitivity. In severe cases: bleeding, corneal scratches, or visible embedded material. Complications if Left Untreated Corneal abrasions or scarring. Infection leading to corneal ulcers. Vision loss from untreated deep injuries. Chemical burns with permanent damage. Emergency First Aid Steps Do’s: Rinse the eye with clean water or saline immediately. Blink repeatedly to help flush out small particles. Keep the eye closed and covered if the object is embedded. Seek immediate medical care. Don’ts: Do not rub the eye. Do not try to remove embedded objects with fingers or tools. Do not delay if pain, vision changes, or bleeding occur. Diagnosis An eye specialist may use: Slit-lamp examination  to locate and assess the foreign body. Fluorescein dye test  to detect corneal scratches. X-rays or CT scans  if penetration is suspected. Treatment Options Superficial Foreign Bodies Gentle removal using sterile equipment. Lubricating drops to soothe irritation. Embedded or Penetrating Injuries Surgical removal in an operating theatre if deep. Antibiotic eye drops to prevent infection. Tetanus vaccination if required. Chemical Burns Immediate irrigation for at least 15–30 minutes. Emergency evaluation to assess corneal damage. Prevention Tips Wear protective goggles during construction, welding, or sports. Handle household chemicals carefully. Maintain good contact lens hygiene. Keep children supervised during high-risk activities. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What should I do if I get something stuck in my eye? Rinse your eye with clean water or saline. If discomfort persists, see an eye specialist immediately. 2. Can a foreign body fall out on its own? Small particles may wash out naturally, but embedded or sharp objects require medical removal. 3. Is it safe to use cotton buds to remove something from my eye? No. Attempting removal yourself can cause scratches or push the object deeper. 4. How do doctors remove a foreign body? They may use a sterile swab, fine needle, or surgical procedure depending on the depth and type. 5. Can a foreign body cause permanent damage? Yes, if untreated. Scarring, infection, or perforation can lead to permanent vision loss. 6. Are chemical eye injuries different from solid objects? Yes. Chemicals cause burns and require immediate irrigation for at least 15 minutes before seeking urgent care 7. How fast should I see a doctor? Immediately, especially if there is pain, vision loss, or an embedded object. 8. How can I prevent workplace-related foreign body injuries? By wearing protective eyewear and following safety protocols. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: The Inevitable Near-Vision Change From your 40s onwards, you may notice yourself holding books, phones, or menus further away to see clearly. This is presbyopia , an age-related condition where the natural lens of the eye loses flexibility, making it harder to focus on near objects. While common and natural, presbyopia affects work, reading, and daily convenience. Solutions range from glasses to advanced refractive surgeries that can reduce dependence on corrective eyewear. What Is Presbyopia? Presbyopia is not caused by the shape of the cornea like myopia or hyperopia, but by the natural aging of the eye’s lens . The lens stiffens and loses its ability to change shape (accommodate), limiting near focus. Causes and Risk Factors Natural aging process, usually noticeable after age 40. Family history of early presbyopia. Eye conditions such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease may accelerate onset. Certain medications affecting focusing ability. Symptoms of Presbyopia Difficulty reading small print. Holding objects further away to see clearly. Eye strain or headaches after near tasks. Needing brighter light for reading. Complications if Untreated Daily inconvenience and frustration. Reduced work efficiency, especially with reading-heavy tasks. Possible eye strain leading to headaches. Diagnosis Near vision testing  using reading charts. Refraction tests  to determine prescription. Comprehensive eye exam  to rule out other eye conditions like cataracts or glaucoma. Correction Options for Presbyopia Glasses Reading glasses or progressive lenses. Convenient and safe option for many patients. Contact Lenses Multifocal lenses for both near and distance correction. Monovision lenses (one eye corrected for near, the other for distance). Refractive Surgery Options for Presbyopia For suitable adults seeking reduced dependence on glasses: PRK : Surface laser reshaping to modify corneal focus. SMILE : Laser procedure, though less common for presbyopia-specific correction. ICL : Implantable lenses for patients with high refractive errors. Lens replacement surgery (PresbyLASIK or multifocal IOLs) : Removes the aging lens and replaces it with a multifocal implant, often combined with cataract surgery. Lifestyle and Prevention Use proper lighting when reading. Take regular breaks during near work. Schedule annual eye checks after 40. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is presbyopia the same as hyperopia (long-sightedness)? No. Hyperopia is caused by the eyeball shape and can occur at any age. Presbyopia is age-related lens stiffening. 2. At what age does presbyopia usually start? Most people notice symptoms between ages 40–45, with progression until the mid-60s. 3. Can refractive surgery permanently fix presbyopia? Surgery can reduce dependence on glasses, but some patients may still need reading aids in certain situations. 4. Which surgery is best for presbyopia? Options include PRK, ICL, or lens replacement surgery. Suitability depends on your prescription, eye health, and lifestyle. 5. Is lens replacement surgery the same as cataract surgery? Yes, both involve replacing the natural lens, but for presbyopia, this is done electively before cataracts develop. 6. Can presbyopia worsen over time? Yes, it typically progresses until about age 65, after which it stabilises. 7. Are multifocal contact lenses effective for presbyopia? Yes, they are a non-surgical option and allow both near and distance vision correction. 8. Should everyone with presbyopia get surgery? Not necessarily. Many people manage well with glasses or contact lenses. Surgery is best for those seeking long-term reduction in dependence on eyewear. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest : Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Blurred Vision at Any Distance Unlike myopia (short-sightedness) or hyperopia (long-sightedness), astigmatism  affects vision both near and far. It occurs when the cornea or lens has an irregular curvature, preventing light from focusing evenly on the retina. The result: vision that is distorted or blurred at all distances. In Singapore, refractive astigmatism is increasingly managed through both non-surgical and surgical methods, including glasses, contact lenses, and laser eye surgeries like SMILE, PRK, and ICL . What Is Refractive Astigmatism? Refractive astigmatism refers to blurred or distorted vision due to irregular light refraction by the eye’s cornea or lens. Unlike pathological causes (such as keratoconus), refractive astigmatism is correctable with optical aids or refractive procedures. Causes and Risk Factors Irregular curvature of the cornea or lens. Genetic predisposition. Often present from birth. Can occur alongside myopia or hyperopia. May increase with age or after eye surgery. Symptoms of Refractive Astigmatism Blurred or distorted vision at all distances. Squinting or eye strain, especially when reading. Headaches after prolonged near work. Difficulty seeing clearly at night. Complications if Untreated Chronic eye strain and discomfort. Reduced academic or work performance. Increased risk of amblyopia (lazy eye) in children if left uncorrected. Diagnosis Visual acuity test  to measure clarity. Keratometry  to assess corneal curvature. Corneal topography  for detailed mapping. Refraction test  to determine lens prescription. Correction and Treatment Options Spectacles Cylindrical lenses to correct uneven focusing. Easy, safe, and widely accessible. Contact Lenses Toric lenses designed for astigmatism. Provide clearer peripheral vision compared to glasses. Refractive Surgery For adults with stable prescriptions: SMILE : Minimally invasive laser procedure, effective for low-to-moderate astigmatism. PRK : Surface-based laser reshaping, suitable for thinner corneas. ICL : Implantable lenses for higher degrees of astigmatism or unsuitable corneas. Lifestyle and Prevention Regular eye screenings to monitor progression. Reduce eye strain by following the 20-20-20 rule during screen time. Early correction in children to prevent amblyopia. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Can astigmatism worsen over time?  Yes. It can progress, especially with age or after eye trauma. Regular monitoring is essential. 2. Is laser surgery safe for astigmatism? Yes. Procedures like SMILE and PRK are safe and effective for correcting refractive astigmatism in suitable candidates. 3. What is the difference between regular and irregular astigmatism? Regular astigmatism involves uniform corneal curvature, while irregular astigmatism (e.g., keratoconus) is more complex and harder to correct with glasses alone. 4. Can children have astigmatism? Yes. Many children are born with it. Early detection prevents learning difficulties and amblyopia. 5. Is astigmatism the same as myopia or hyperopia? No. Myopia and hyperopia affect distance or near vision specifically, while astigmatism blurs vision at all distances. 6. Are toric contact lenses comfortable? Yes, though proper fitting is important. Some patients may take time to adapt. 7. Who is suitable for refractive surgery?  Adults with stable prescriptions, healthy corneas, and no contraindications such as severe dry eye or keratoconus. 8. How often should I check my eyes if I have astigmatism? At least once a year, or sooner if you notice worsening vision or new symptoms. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why Nearsightedness Matters Myopia , also called nearsightedness, is one of the most common refractive conditions worldwide, especially in Singapore where rates are among the highest globally. It occurs when the eye is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it. The result: clear vision up close, but blurred vision at a distance. This can affect daily activities like reading signs, driving, or recognising faces. Fortunately, multiple correction options exist, from glasses to refractive surgery. What Is Refractive Myopia? Refractive myopia is specifically caused by the way the eye bends light. It is distinct from pathological myopia (a severe form that can damage the retina). Most patients have refractive myopia, which is correctable. Causes and Risk Factors Genetic predisposition (family history). Environmental factors like excessive near work and screen use. Lack of outdoor time in childhood. Progression often stabilises in adulthood but can continue in some cases. Symptoms of Refractive Myopia Blurry distance vision. Squinting to see clearly. Eye strain or headaches. Difficulty driving at night (night myopia). Complications if Untreated Reduced quality of life (difficulty with sports, driving, daily tasks). Higher risk of eye diseases like glaucoma, cataracts, and retinal detachment in high myopia. Diagnosis Visual acuity test  to measure clarity. Refraction test  to determine prescription. Comprehensive eye exam  to rule out other conditions. Correction and Treatment Options Spectacles The most common and safe way to correct myopia. Options include single-vision lenses and progressive lenses. Contact Lenses Provide wider field of view and are convenient for sports. Available as daily, monthly, or specialty lenses. Refractive Surgery For adults whose prescriptions have stabilised: SMILE : Small incision lenticule extraction, minimally invasive laser surgery. PRK : Photorefractive keratectomy, surface ablation technique. ICL : Implantable collamer lenses, suitable for high myopia or thin corneas. Lifestyle and Prevention Encourage children to spend more time outdoors. Take regular screen breaks (20-20-20 rule). Regular eye check-ups for early detection and management. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What age does myopia usually develop? Most cases begin in childhood, typically during primary school years, and may progress until early adulthood. 2. Can myopia be reversed naturally? No. While lifestyle changes can slow progression in children, myopia itself cannot be reversed without corrective lenses or surgery. 3. What’s the difference between high myopia and refractive myopia? Refractive myopia refers to general nearsightedness due to the eye’s focusing power. High myopia is a severe degree (≥ -6.00 diopters) that carries greater risks. 4. Is refractive surgery safe? Yes, when performed by an experienced eye specialist, SMILE, PRK, and ICL are safe and effective options with high success rates. 5. Who is suitable for SMILE surgery? Adults with stable prescriptions, healthy corneas, and moderate myopia with or without astigmatism may qualify. 6. Are glasses or contacts better for myopia? It depends on lifestyle and preference. Both correct vision effectively, but contacts offer more freedom for sports and activities. 7. Can myopia keep worsening in adults? Most stabilise in adulthood, but some may progress, especially with prolonged near work. 8. How often should I check my eyes if I have myopia? At least once a year, or more frequently if your prescription changes quickly or you experience symptoms like sudden flashes or floaters. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: When the Front of the Eye Is Affected The ocular surface is made up of the cornea, conjunctiva, tear film, and eyelids , all working together to keep your eyes clear and comfortable. When one or more of these components are affected by chronic conditions, it is known as Ocular Surface Disease (OSD) . OSD is not a single problem but a group of disorders that include dry eye syndrome, blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, corneal surface disease, and allergic eye disease . These conditions can cause discomfort, blurred vision, and long-term complications if left untreated. What Is Ocular Surface Disease? Ocular Surface Disease refers to chronic, multifactorial conditions  affecting the front of the eye. Unlike temporary irritation, OSD tends to persist and requires ongoing management. It often involves: Tear film instability. Inflammation of the eyelids or conjunctiva. Abnormalities of the corneal epithelium. Causes and Risk Factors Environmental triggers : air-conditioning, wind, dust, and pollution. Lifestyle factors : prolonged screen time, poor eyelid hygiene, contact lens wear. Medical conditions : autoimmune diseases, rosacea, diabetes. Age and hormones : higher prevalence in older adults and post-menopausal women. Previous eye surgery : LASIK or cataract surgery can affect tear production. Symptoms of Ocular Surface Disease Grittiness, burning, or stinging sensation. Redness and irritation. Blurred or fluctuating vision. Light sensitivity. Excessive tearing due to reflex response. Recurrent eye infections. Complications if Left Untreated Chronic discomfort affecting quality of life. Progressive corneal damage and scarring. Higher risk of corneal ulcers. Reduced success rates of future eye surgery. Diagnosis An eye specialist may use: Slit-lamp examination  to assess inflammation. Tear film breakup time (TBUT)  for tear stability. Schirmer’s test  to measure tear production. Meibomian gland imaging  for gland dysfunction. Treatment Options Lifestyle Adjustments Reduce screen time and practice the 20-20-20 rule. Maintain hydration. Avoid smoky or dusty environments. Medical Treatments Lubricating eye drops or artificial tears. Anti-inflammatory eye drops. Antibiotic or steroid drops for specific cases. Warm compresses and lid hygiene routines. Advanced Interventions Meibomian gland expression. Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) therapy. Punctal plugs to conserve tears. Amniotic membrane grafts for severe corneal damage. Prevention Tips Practice daily eyelid hygiene. Remove makeup thoroughly. Wear protective eyewear outdoors. Schedule regular eye check-ups. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is ocular surface disease the same as dry eye? Not exactly. Dry eye is a type of ocular surface disease, but OSD also includes blepharitis, corneal disorders, and allergic eye disease. 2. Can ocular surface disease be cured?  Most cases are chronic and cannot be “cured” permanently, but symptoms can be well-controlled with treatment. 3. Who is most at risk of developing OSD? Older adults, women, contact lens wearers, and those with autoimmune conditions are at higher risk. 4. Can OSD affect my vision permanently? Yes, severe untreated cases can cause corneal scarring and reduced vision. 5. Is ocular surface disease painful? It may cause discomfort, irritation, or burning, but pain usually signals advanced or infected disease. 6. Are artificial tears enough to treat OSD? Mild cases may respond to lubricants, but moderate-to-severe cases often require additional therapies. 7. Can children get ocular surface disease? Yes, especially allergic conjunctivitis or blepharitis, but it is more common in adults. 8. How often should I see an eye doctor for OSD? Regular follow-ups are essential. Frequency depends on severity, ranging from every few months to annually. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why Hyperopia Matters Hyperopia , or long-sightedness, makes it difficult to see nearby objects clearly while distant vision often remains sharp. For children, it can affect reading and school performance. For adults, it can cause eye strain, headaches, and difficulty with prolonged near work. In Singapore, refractive hyperopia is managed with a range of options, from spectacles and contact lenses to refractive surgeries like PRK  and ICL , depending on age, prescription, and lifestyle needs. What Is Refractive Hyperopia? Refractive hyperopia occurs when the eye is too short or the cornea is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina . Unlike presbyopia (age-related near-vision difficulty), hyperopia is present from birth and may persist into adulthood. Causes and Risk Factors Genetics and family history. Shorter-than-normal eyeball length. Flattened corneal curvature. Age, as mild hyperopia may become more noticeable later in life. Symptoms of Refractive Hyperopia Blurred vision for close tasks. Headaches after reading or screen use. Eye strain, especially at night. Squinting to see clearly. In children, difficulty with near-based learning activities. Complications if Untreated Persistent headaches and fatigue. Lazy eye (amblyopia) in children. Strabismus (eye misalignment). Reduced performance in school or work tasks requiring near vision. Diagnosis Visual acuity test  to assess near and far clarity. Refraction test  with trial lenses. Comprehensive eye exam  to rule out amblyopia or strabismus in children. Correction and Treatment Options Spectacles Single-vision lenses for near correction. Progressive or bifocal lenses for adults with presbyopia as well. Contact Lenses Soft contact lenses for everyday use. Specialty lenses for higher hyperopia prescriptions. Refractive Surgery For adults with stable prescriptions: PRK : Reshapes the cornea to correct light focusing. SMILE : Less commonly used for hyperopia but possible in selected cases. ICL : Implantable collamer lenses placed inside the eye, suitable for higher hyperopia or unsuitable corneal thickness. Lifestyle and Prevention Encourage regular eye check-ups from childhood. Monitor for signs of eye strain during study or screen use. Early correction in children to prevent amblyopia or strabismus. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is the difference between hyperopia and presbyopia? Hyperopia is present from birth and affects near vision, while presbyopia develops with age due to loss of lens flexibility. 2. Can hyperopia get worse with age? Yes, while mild hyperopia may go unnoticed in youth, symptoms often become more noticeable as the eye’s natural focusing ability declines. 3. Is refractive surgery safe for hyperopia? Yes. PRK and ICL are common surgical options when glasses or contacts are insufficient. Suitability depends on corneal thickness, age, and prescription stability. 4. Can children with hyperopia outgrow it? Mild hyperopia may improve as the eye grows, but many children still require corrective lenses to prevent eye strain or amblyopia. 5. Are there non-surgical options for adults?  Yes. Glasses and contact lenses remain effective, especially for those who are not candidates for surgery. 6. How does uncorrected hyperopia affect children?  It can cause eye strain, poor reading performance, and risk of lazy eye or strabismus. 7. What is the highest level of hyperopia correctable by surgery? ICL is often used for higher prescriptions beyond the safe limits of laser correction. 8. How often should hyperopia patients see an eye specialist? Annually, or more frequently in children or adults with changing symptoms. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest:  Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: When Eye Infections Become Emergencies Your cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface that helps focus light onto the retina. When it becomes infected or ulcerated, vision can deteriorate rapidly. Corneal ulcers and infections  are among the most urgent eye conditions, requiring immediate medical attention. Left untreated, they can cause scarring, blindness, or even loss of the eye. In Singapore, eye specialists see rising cases linked to contact lens wear, eye trauma, and dry eye disease. Knowing the early signs and when to act could save your sight. What Is a Corneal Ulcer? A corneal ulcer is an open sore on the cornea , often caused by infection, trauma, or severe dryness. Bacterial ulcers  are common in contact lens users. Viral ulcers  often stem from herpes simplex virus. Fungal ulcers  may follow injury from plant material. Parasitic ulcers  (Acanthamoeba) can occur in poor lens hygiene. Causes and Risk Factors Improper contact lens use (overnight wear, poor hygiene). Eye trauma or scratches. Chronic dry eye or eyelid disease. Weakened immune system. Exposure to contaminated water (swimming with lenses). Viral infections like herpes simplex. Symptoms of Corneal Ulcers and Infections Sudden eye pain and redness. Blurred or hazy vision. Tearing or discharge. Sensitivity to light (photophobia). Feeling of something stuck in the eye. White or grey spot on the cornea. If these symptoms appear, urgent specialist care is needed. Complications if Left Untreated Corneal scarring. Vision loss or blindness. Eye perforation. Spread of infection to other parts of the eye. Diagnosis An eye specialist may use: Slit-lamp examination  to assess the ulcer. Corneal scrapings  for lab analysis. Fluorescein dye test  to highlight corneal damage. Treatment Options Medical Treatments Antibiotic, antiviral, or antifungal eye drops  depending on cause. Oral medications for severe cases. Pain-relieving or anti-inflammatory drops. Surgical Treatments Corneal transplant  if vision is severely damaged. Emergency procedures for perforated cornea. Supportive Care Strict discontinuation of contact lenses. Close monitoring and follow-up visits. Prevention Tips Practice proper contact lens hygiene. Avoid swimming with contact lenses. Protect eyes from trauma with safety glasses. Manage underlying eye conditions like dry eye or blepharitis. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Are corneal ulcers contagious? Bacterial or viral causes may spread, but fungal ulcers are not contagious. The condition itself requires urgent care regardless of type. 2. Can I treat a corneal infection at home? No. Home remedies cannot cure ulcers. Medical treatment is essential to prevent permanent vision loss. 3. How quickly do corneal ulcers worsen? They can progress rapidly, sometimes within 24–48 hours, making early treatment crucial. 4. Are contact lens wearers more at risk? Yes. Poor hygiene, extended wear, and overnight lens use increase the risk of bacterial or parasitic infections. 5. Will I need surgery for a corneal ulcer? Not always. Most cases resolve with intensive medical therapy, but severe scarring may require a corneal transplant. 6. How can I tell if my eye redness is serious?  If redness is accompanied by pain, discharge, or blurred vision, seek urgent evaluation. 7. Can dry eye cause ulcers? Yes. Severe untreated dry eye can damage the corneal surface, increasing ulcer risk. 8. What happens if I delay treatment? Delays can lead to permanent vision loss, corneal scarring, or even loss of the eye. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989