Ocular Surface Disease: Chronic Conditions of the Eye Surface
- The Straits Eye Centre
- Sep 20
- 3 min read
Introduction: When the Front of the Eye Is Affected
The ocular surface is made up of the cornea, conjunctiva, tear film, and eyelids, all working together to keep your eyes clear and comfortable. When one or more of these components are affected by chronic conditions, it is known as Ocular Surface Disease (OSD).
OSD is not a single problem but a group of disorders that include dry eye syndrome, blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, corneal surface disease, and allergic eye disease. These conditions can cause discomfort, blurred vision, and long-term complications if left untreated.
What Is Ocular Surface Disease?
Ocular Surface Disease refers to chronic, multifactorial conditions affecting the front of the eye. Unlike temporary irritation, OSD tends to persist and requires ongoing management.
It often involves:
Tear film instability.
Inflammation of the eyelids or conjunctiva.
Abnormalities of the corneal epithelium.
Causes and Risk Factors
Environmental triggers: air-conditioning, wind, dust, and pollution.
Lifestyle factors: prolonged screen time, poor eyelid hygiene, contact lens wear.
Medical conditions: autoimmune diseases, rosacea, diabetes.
Age and hormones: higher prevalence in older adults and post-menopausal women.
Previous eye surgery: LASIK or cataract surgery can affect tear production.
Symptoms of Ocular Surface Disease
Grittiness, burning, or stinging sensation.
Redness and irritation.
Blurred or fluctuating vision.
Light sensitivity.
Excessive tearing due to reflex response.
Recurrent eye infections.
Complications if Left Untreated
Chronic discomfort affecting quality of life.
Progressive corneal damage and scarring.
Higher risk of corneal ulcers.
Reduced success rates of future eye surgery.
Diagnosis
An eye specialist may use:
Slit-lamp examination to assess inflammation.
Tear film breakup time (TBUT) for tear stability.
Schirmer’s test to measure tear production.
Meibomian gland imaging for gland dysfunction.
Treatment Options
Lifestyle Adjustments
Reduce screen time and practice the 20-20-20 rule.
Maintain hydration.
Avoid smoky or dusty environments.
Medical Treatments
Lubricating eye drops or artificial tears.
Anti-inflammatory eye drops.
Antibiotic or steroid drops for specific cases.
Warm compresses and lid hygiene routines.
Advanced Interventions
Meibomian gland expression.
Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) therapy.
Punctal plugs to conserve tears.
Amniotic membrane grafts for severe corneal damage.
Prevention Tips
Practice daily eyelid hygiene.
Remove makeup thoroughly.
Wear protective eyewear outdoors.
Schedule regular eye check-ups.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is ocular surface disease the same as dry eye?
Not exactly. Dry eye is a type of ocular surface disease, but OSD also includes blepharitis, corneal disorders, and allergic eye disease.
2. Can ocular surface disease be cured?
Most cases are chronic and cannot be “cured” permanently, but symptoms can be well-controlled with treatment.
3. Who is most at risk of developing OSD?
Older adults, women, contact lens wearers, and those with autoimmune conditions are at higher risk.
4. Can OSD affect my vision permanently?
Yes, severe untreated cases can cause corneal scarring and reduced vision.
5. Is ocular surface disease painful?
It may cause discomfort, irritation, or burning, but pain usually signals advanced or infected disease.
6. Are artificial tears enough to treat OSD?
Mild cases may respond to lubricants, but moderate-to-severe cases often require additional therapies.
7. Can children get ocular surface disease?
Yes, especially allergic conjunctivitis or blepharitis, but it is more common in adults.
8. How often should I see an eye doctor for OSD?
Regular follow-ups are essential. Frequency depends on severity, ranging from every few months to annually.
Meet Our Specialist
At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families.
Dr Jason Lee
Senior Consultant & Medical Director
Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia.
Cost, Medisave, and Insurance
Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide.
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