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Introduction: Why Retinal Detachments Are an Emergency Some eye conditions develop slowly. Retinal detachment is not one of them. When the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of your eye, pulls away from its normal position, it puts vision at immediate risk. A retinal tear  is often the first step, creating a hole that allows fluid to seep behind the retina. If untreated, this progresses to a retinal detachment , a medical emergency that can cause permanent vision loss. Knowing the warning signs and seeking prompt treatment can mean the difference between preserving and losing sight. What Are Retinal Tears and Detachments? Retinal Tear:  A small break in the retina, often caused by vitreous gel (the clear substance inside the eye) pulling away. Retinal Detachment:  Occurs when fluid passes through a tear, lifting the retina off the back of the eye like wallpaper peeling away. There are three main types of detachment: Rhegmatogenous:  Caused by tears or holes in the retina (most common). Tractional:  Caused by scar tissue pulling on the retina, often linked to diabetic retinopathy. Exudative:  Caused by fluid build-up without a tear, often linked to inflammation or tumours. Causes and Risk Factors Aging:  Vitreous shrinkage increases risk of tears. Severe myopia (short-sightedness):  Longer eyeballs stretch the retina. Eye injury or trauma. Previous eye surgery:  Including cataract surgery. Family history of retinal detachment. Diabetic eye disease. Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore Seek medical attention immediately if you notice: Sudden flashes of light. New floaters (tiny specks or cobweb-like shapes). A shadow or curtain over part of your vision. Sudden decrease in vision. These warning signs often appear suddenly and worsen quickly. Risks of Untreated Retinal Detachment If not treated urgently, detachment can cause: Permanent central or peripheral vision loss. Retinal scarring. Blindness in the affected eye. Early treatment offers the best chance of preserving vision. Diagnosis in Singapore An eye specialist uses: Dilated eye exam  with specialised lenses. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT):  Cross-sectional imaging of the retina. Ultrasound scan:  For cases where bleeding blocks direct view. Treatment Options for Retinal Tears and Detachments Retinal Tears Laser photocoagulation:  Uses laser to seal the tear. Cryotherapy:  Freezing treatment to secure the retina. Retinal Detachments Pneumatic retinopexy:  Injecting gas bubble to push retina back. Scleral buckle:  A band placed around the eye to relieve traction. Vitrectomy:  Removal of vitreous gel and sealing of retinal breaks. Treatment depends on severity, location, and overall eye health. Recovery and Follow-Up Vision recovery depends on how much of the retina was detached and how long it was untreated. Some may regain good vision, while others may have lasting impairment. Regular follow-up is essential, as recurrence can occur. Prevention and Eye Health Tips While not all detachments can be prevented, risks can be reduced: Regular eye exams, especially for high myopia or diabetes. Protective eyewear during sports or work. Controlling blood sugar in diabetic patients. Seeking care immediately when new symptoms arise. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is retinal detachment painful? No, most people do not feel pain. Symptoms are visual, such as flashes or shadows. 2. How fast does a retinal detachment progress?  It can progress within hours to days. Prompt treatment is critical. 3. Can retinal detachment happen in both eyes  Yes. If you’ve had one detachment, your other eye is at higher risk. 4. Can glasses or contact lenses prevent detachment? No. Corrective lenses improve vision but do not prevent retinal tears or detachment. 5. Is surgery always required?  Tears may be treated with laser or freezing alone. Detachments usually require surgery. 6. Will I regain full vision after treatment? Some patients do, but others may have permanent vision changes, especially if the macula was detached. 7. What lifestyle precautions should I take after surgery? Avoid strenuous activities, heavy lifting, and flying if a gas bubble was used, until cleared by your doctor. 8. Who is most at risk? Those with high myopia, previous cataract surgery, diabetes, or eye trauma. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why Cataract Awareness Matters Cataract is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in adults and seniors worldwide. In Singapore, it is also among the most common age-related eye conditions, typically developing after age 60. Cataracts occur when the clear lens inside the eye becomes cloudy, making vision blurry, hazy, or dim. While cataracts are part of the natural ageing process, they can significantly impact independence, safety, and quality of life if left untreated. The good news is that cataract surgery is one of the safest and most effective procedures available, with high success rates when performed under specialist care. This article explains the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and recovery journey for cataracts, giving you the knowledge you need to make informed decisions. What Are Cataracts? A cataract is the clouding of the eye’s natural lens, which normally helps focus light onto the retina for clear vision. When the lens becomes cloudy, vision is impaired. Key facts: Cataracts usually develop gradually. Both eyes are typically affected, but one may progress faster. Surgery is the only proven treatment once cataracts interfere with daily life. Causes of Cataracts in Adults and Seniors Ageing:  The most common cause, as proteins in the lens break down over time. Medical conditions:  Diabetes increases cataract risk. Medications:  Long-term use of steroids. Lifestyle factors:  Smoking and excessive alcohol use. UV exposure:  Sunlight can accelerate cataract formation. Eye trauma or surgery:  Secondary cataracts may form. Symptoms of Cataracts Symptoms vary depending on the stage but may include: Blurry or cloudy vision. Sensitivity to light and glare. Difficulty seeing at night. Fading or yellowing of colours. Seeing “halos” around lights. Frequent changes in glasses prescription. Risks of Untreated Cataracts Without treatment, cataracts can cause: Severe visual impairment or blindness. Increased risk of falls and accidents in seniors. Difficulty with reading, driving, or recognising faces. Reduced independence and quality of life. When Should You Consider Cataract Surgery? Cataract surgery is recommended when vision problems interfere with daily tasks. For some, this may be difficulty reading; for others, it could be unsafe driving at night. Early consultation with an eye specialist ensures timely advice. Cataract Surgery: What to Expect Cataract surgery is a safe and effective procedure performed under local anaesthesia. The cloudy lens is removed and replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). Step-by-step overview: Pre-surgery eye assessment. Local anaesthetic applied. Cloudy lens removed using ultrasound or laser-assisted techniques. Clear lens implant inserted. Outpatient procedure, usually completed in under 30 minutes. Types of Intraocular Lenses (IOLs) Monofocal lenses:  Provide clear vision at one distance (usually distance). Multifocal lenses:  Allow clearer vision at both near and distance. Toric lenses:  Correct astigmatism. The choice of lens depends on lifestyle needs, eye health, and doctor’s recommendations. Recovery After Cataract Surgery Recovery is usually smooth and straightforward: Many patients notice clearer vision within a few days. Light activities can be resumed quickly. Complete healing may take 4–6 weeks. Eye drops are prescribed to reduce inflammation and prevent infection. Avoid strenuous exercise or rubbing the eye until cleared by the doctor. Medisave and Insurance Coverage In Singapore, cataract surgery is Medisave-claimable  up to MOH-approved limits, and many insurance plans also cover the procedure. Patients should confirm eligibility with their doctor and insurer before surgery. Lifestyle and Prevention Tips While cataracts cannot be fully prevented, healthy habits may help slow progression: Wear sunglasses with UV protection. Maintain a balanced diet rich in antioxidants. Manage chronic conditions like diabetes. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol. Schedule regular eye screenings after age 50. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Are cataracts painful?  No. Cataracts develop gradually and do not cause pain, though they impair vision. 2. Can glasses treat cataracts? Glasses may temporarily improve vision, but surgery is the only definitive treatment. 3. Is cataract surgery safe? Yes. It is one of the most common and successful eye surgeries performed worldwide. 4. How long does cataract surgery take?  Typically 20–30 minutes per eye, as a day procedure. 5. Can cataracts come back after surgery?  No, but some patients may develop posterior capsule opacification (PCO), treated easily with a quick laser procedure. 6. What is the recovery time?  Most people resume daily activities within a few days, with full healing in 4–6 weeks. 7. Do both eyes get operated on at the same time?  Usually, each eye is operated on separately with a gap of a few weeks. 8. How do I know if I need surgery now?  If cataracts are affecting daily tasks like reading, driving, or safety, surgery should be considered. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why Early Treatment of Amblyopia Is Critical Amblyopia, commonly known as “lazy eye,” is one of the most common vision problems in children. It develops when one eye does not achieve normal vision during early childhood. If left untreated, amblyopia can cause permanent visual impairment that cannot be corrected later in life. In Singapore, early detection through preschool and school vision screenings has improved outcomes for many children. However, parents should remain alert to signs, as not all cases are detected in school screenings. This article explains the causes, risks, and treatment of amblyopia, and why early management is so important. What Is Amblyopia? Amblyopia is a developmental condition where one eye does not develop proper visual connections to the brain. The weaker eye is effectively “suppressed” by the brain, resulting in reduced vision, even when glasses are used. Key facts about amblyopia: It usually begins in infancy or early childhood. It is the most common cause of preventable vision loss in children. If untreated, vision loss may become permanent. Causes of Amblyopia Amblyopia can occur due to several underlying conditions: Strabismic Amblyopia:  When eyes are misaligned (strabismus), the brain ignores input from one eye. Refractive Amblyopia:  Unequal refractive errors (e.g., one eye more myopic, hyperopic, or astigmatic) cause the brain to favour the clearer eye. Deprivation Amblyopia:  A physical obstruction, such as cataract or droopy eyelid, blocks vision during early development. Symptoms of Amblyopia Children often do not complain of poor vision in one eye, making detection challenging. Signs may include: Squinting or closing one eye. Head tilting. Poor depth perception. Frequent eye rubbing or poor hand-eye coordination. Difficulty in reading or paying attention in class. Risks of Untreated Amblyopia Permanent vision loss  in the weaker eye. Reduced binocular vision , affecting depth perception. Limitations in career options  that require strong vision. Higher risk if the stronger eye develops disease or injury later in life. Amblyopia in Children: Early Detection Because children may not show obvious signs, screening is critical. Preschool eye screening by the Health Promotion Board. Specialist-led comprehensive eye assessments for high-risk children (family history, strabismus, or unequal prescriptions). Early treatment is most effective before age 7, but improvements may still be possible later. Treatment Options for Amblyopia 1. Glasses:  Correct refractive errors and help balance vision.  2. Patching therapy:  Covering the stronger eye to stimulate the weaker eye.  3. Atropine drops:  Temporarily blur the stronger eye to encourage weaker eye use. 4. Surgery:  For underlying causes such as cataract or strabismus.  5. Vision therapy:  In some cases, exercises may support improvement. Parental Role in Amblyopia Care Ensure children wear prescribed glasses consistently. Encourage compliance with patching, even if the child resists initially. Attend regular follow-up appointments. Support children emotionally, as patching may feel uncomfortable socially. Lifestyle and Prevention Attend routine screenings at preschool and primary school stages. Seek an eye check if your child squints, tilts their head, or struggles in class. Follow treatment plans strictly, as consistency is key to success. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What age should my child be screened for amblyopia? Children should have vision checks during preschool years and again in primary school. Early detection leads to better outcomes. 2. Can amblyopia be cured in adults? Treatment is most effective in children under 7, but some adults may benefit from newer therapies. Early intervention is best. 3. How long does my child need to wear an eye patch? Duration varies depending on severity. Some children may need several hours a day for months or even years. 4. Are glasses enough to treat amblyopia? Glasses may correct refractive errors but often need to be combined with patching or atropine for effective results. 5. Can amblyopia come back after treatment? Relapse is possible, especially if treatment is stopped too soon. Regular monitoring is necessary. 6. Does amblyopia always cause a squint? No. Some children with amblyopia have no obvious misalignment. 7. Can amblyopia affect both eyes?  Yes, though less common. Bilateral amblyopia may occur in cases of high refractive errors in both eyes. 8. Is amblyopia painful for children? No. Amblyopia itself is not painful, but it can significantly affect visual development if untreated. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Audrey Pang Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Paediatric Ophthalmology, Myopia Control, Amblyopia, Strabismus Trained at the University of Cambridge and fellowship-trained in the UK, Dr Audrey Pang specialises in children’s eye care and adult strabismus. She has held roles at Tan Tock Seng Hospital and serves as Visiting Consultant at TTSH and NUH, offering gentle, evidence-based care for patients of all ages. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why Astigmatism Shouldn’t Be Ignored Astigmatism is a common refractive condition that affects people of all ages. Unlike myopia or hyperopia, where vision is blurry at specific distances, astigmatism causes distorted or blurred vision both near and far. In Singapore, astigmatism is frequently diagnosed in children during school screenings and in adults who experience headaches or difficulty focusing. Because astigmatism often occurs alongside myopia or hyperopia, it can be overlooked. However, untreated astigmatism can cause eye strain, poor academic performance in children, and reduced quality of life in adults. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and management options ensures timely care and clear vision. What Is Astigmatism? Astigmatism occurs when the cornea (front surface of the eye) or the lens inside the eye has an irregular shape. Instead of being evenly curved like a basketball, it is shaped more like a rugby ball. This uneven curvature prevents light from focusing properly on the retina, leading to blurred or distorted images. Key facts about astigmatism: It can occur on its own or with myopia or hyperopia. It is not an eye disease but a refractive condition. Both children and adults can develop astigmatism. Causes of Astigmatism Genetics:  Astigmatism often runs in families. Eye structure:  Uneven corneal or lens curvature. Associated conditions:  May occur after eye surgery, injury, or corneal disease. Age:  Both children and adults can develop astigmatism, though it is often detected early in life. Symptoms of Astigmatism Astigmatism symptoms can vary in severity, but they often include: Blurred or distorted vision at all distances. Frequent squinting. Headaches or eye strain, especially after reading. Difficulty with night vision or glare sensitivity. Children may show poor attention in class due to vision difficulties. Risks of Untreated Astigmatism If not properly managed, astigmatism may lead to: Amblyopia (Lazy Eye):  Especially if astigmatism is unequal between eyes in children. Academic difficulties:  Poor visual clarity affects concentration and learning. Chronic eye strain:  Leading to headaches and discomfort in adults. Reduced quality of life:  Difficulty with tasks such as driving, reading, or computer use. Astigmatism in Children Children with astigmatism may not complain of blurry vision, as they adapt by squinting or moving closer to objects. This makes early screening crucial. Management in children includes: Prescription glasses with cylindrical correction. Regular follow-ups to adjust prescriptions as the child grows. Monitoring for amblyopia or strabismus. Astigmatism in Adults Adults often notice symptoms of astigmatism when near work becomes more demanding or when driving at night. Management in adults includes: Glasses or contact lenses with cylindrical correction. Toric contact lenses designed specifically for astigmatism. Refractive surgery options such as SMILE, PRK, or ICL for suitable candidates. Safe Management Options for Astigmatism Spectacles:  Most common correction for children and adults. Contact Lenses:  Toric lenses correct irregular curvature. Refractive Surgery:  Laser procedures (SMILE, PRK) or ICLs for adults. Lifestyle Support:  Proper posture, breaks during screen use, and good lighting. Lifestyle and Prevention Tips Schedule regular eye screenings from childhood. Encourage outdoor play for children to balance visual habits. Use the 20-20-20 rule to reduce strain during near work. Ensure good lighting when reading or working. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is astigmatism the same as myopia?  No. Myopia causes blurred distance vision, while astigmatism causes distortion at all distances due to irregular corneal curvature. 2. Can astigmatism be cured? Astigmatism cannot be cured, but it can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. 3. At what age can astigmatism be detected?  It can be detected in children as young as preschool age through eye screenings. 4. How do I know if my child has astigmatism? Look for signs such as squinting, tilting the head, or complaints of blurred vision. 5. What are toric contact lenses?  Toric lenses are specially designed contact lenses that correct astigmatism. 6. Can astigmatism get worse with age? Yes, it may progress or change with age, requiring updated prescriptions. 7. Can refractive surgery fix astigmatism permanently?  Refractive surgery can correct the irregular curvature, but suitability depends on individual eye health. 8. Is astigmatism common in Singapore? Yes, astigmatism is frequently diagnosed in both children and adults in Singapore. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Audrey Pang Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Paediatric Ophthalmology, Myopia Control, Amblyopia, Strabismus Trained at the University of Cambridge and fellowship-trained in the UK, Dr Audrey Pang specialises in children’s eye care and adult strabismus. She has held roles at Tan Tock Seng Hospital and serves as Visiting Consultant at TTSH and NUH, offering gentle, evidence-based care for patients of all ages. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why Myopia Matters Today Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is one of the fastest-growing eye conditions in the world. In Singapore, the numbers are especially striking: by the age of 12, over half of children already develop myopia, and many progress into high myopia as adults. This condition not only affects daily life, from classroom learning to driving but also carries long-term risks such as retinal detachment, glaucoma, and myopic macular degeneration. Early detection, regular monitoring, and safe management strategies are key to reducing complications. This guide will walk you through the causes, risks, and management options for myopia in children and adults, giving you clarity on what to expect and how to protect your family’s vision. What Is Myopia? Myopia occurs when the eyeball is too long, or the cornea is too curved, causing light rays to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it. As a result, distant objects appear blurry, while near vision remains relatively clear. Key facts about myopia: It often develops in childhood, between ages 6 and 12. Progression is fastest during school years when visual demands are high. Adults with untreated or high myopia are at higher risk for serious eye complications. Causes of Myopia in Children and Adults Myopia arises from a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Genetics:  Children with one or both parents who are myopic have a significantly higher chance of developing the condition. Lifestyle:  Excessive near work, such as prolonged reading or screen time, is strongly linked to myopia progression. Outdoor Time:  Reduced exposure to natural light is associated with faster myopia onset and progression. Symptoms of Myopia Both children and adults may experience: Blurred distance vision (difficulty reading the whiteboard or road signs). Frequent squinting or eye strain. Headaches linked to visual effort. Needing to sit closer to screens or books. Risks of Untreated Myopia Myopia is more than just a need for glasses. High or progressive myopia increases the risk of serious, sight-threatening conditions: Retinal Detachment:  The stretched retina is more prone to tears and detachment. Glaucoma:  Higher incidence in individuals with high myopia. Myopic Macular Degeneration:  Damage to the central retina, affecting fine vision. Cataracts:  Myopia can accelerate cataract formation. Myopia in Children: Early Intervention Matters Childhood is a critical period for managing myopia. Once the eyeball elongates, it cannot be reversed, but progression can be slowed with proper care. Screening and detection: Vision screening should begin in preschool and continue throughout school years. Children at risk (family history, heavy screen use) may need earlier or more frequent checks. Management options: Customised spectacles  for myopia control. Soft contact lenses  designed for slowing progression. Orthokeratology (Ortho-K):  Special contact lenses worn overnight to reshape the cornea. Low-dose atropine eye drops:  Clinically proven to reduce myopia progression rates. Myopia in Adults: Ongoing Care and Risks Adults with myopia face different challenges compared to children: Stabilised Myopia:  Most adults’ prescriptions stabilise, but high myopia requires ongoing monitoring. Workplace Demands:  Prolonged screen exposure may worsen symptoms of eye strain. Surgical Options:  Adults may be candidates for refractive surgeries such as SMILE, PRK, or ICL, which reduce dependency on glasses but do not cure myopia itself. Monitoring for complications  like glaucoma, cataracts, or retinal issues is crucial in adulthood. Safe Management Options for Myopia For Children Regular screening and follow-up. Specialist-led prescriptions for spectacles or contact lenses. Lifestyle modifications: more outdoor time, screen breaks. For Adults Regular eye health checks to monitor for complications. Considering refractive surgery for visual freedom. Management of dry eye or ocular surface issues linked to prolonged screen time. Lifestyle and Prevention Strategies Encourage children to spend at least 2 hours outdoors daily. Follow the 20-20-20 rule : every 20 minutes of near work, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Maintain good reading posture and lighting. Reduce unnecessary screen time, especially before bedtime. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Can myopia be cured?  No. Myopia cannot be reversed, but progression can be slowed, and vision corrected with glasses, lenses, or surgery. 2. At what age does myopia usually start?  It often begins in early school years (ages 6–12) and may worsen through adolescence. 3. What’s the difference between low, moderate, and high myopia?  Low: less than -3.00 dioptres. Moderate: -3.00 to -6.00. High: greater than -6.00, which carries higher risks. 4. Is too much screen time a cause of myopia?  Excessive near work, including screen time, is linked to faster progression, especially in children. 5. How often should children have their eyes screened?  The Health Promotion Board recommends screenings in preschool and primary school. Children with symptoms should be reviewed earlier. 6. What are the safest myopia control options for kids?  Low-dose atropine, Ortho-K, and specially designed myopia-control lenses, under specialist supervision. 7. Can adults with myopia undergo refractive surgery? Yes, many adults are suitable for procedures like SMILE, ICL, or PRK, depending on eye health. 8. What happens if high myopia is left unmanaged? Risks include retinal detachment, glaucoma, and vision-threatening degeneration. Regular monitoring is essential. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Audrey Pang Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Paediatric Ophthalmology, Myopia Control, Amblyopia, Strabismus Trained at the University of Cambridge and fellowship-trained in the UK, Dr Audrey Pang specialises in children’s eye care and adult strabismus. She has held roles at Tan Tock Seng Hospital and serves as Visiting Consultant at TTSH and NUH, offering gentle, evidence-based care for patients of all ages. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why Hyperopia Matters Hyperopia, or long-sightedness, is a refractive condition where near vision is blurred while distant vision may remain clear. It is less frequently discussed than myopia but can significantly affect learning, reading, and daily life. In children, untreated hyperopia may cause difficulties with schoolwork, headaches, or even eye misalignment (strabismus). In adults, it can contribute to eye strain, fatigue, and presbyopia-like symptoms earlier in life. Understanding hyperopia is the first step in recognising its effects and seeking the right care. What Is Hyperopia (Long-Sightedness)? Hyperopia occurs when the eyeball is too short or the cornea too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina instead of directly on it. Key points about hyperopia: Children may not always notice symptoms, as their eyes can compensate by focusing harder. Moderate to high hyperopia can interfere with reading and near tasks. Adults often experience worsening symptoms with age, as focusing ability naturally declines. Causes of Hyperopia Hyperopia is usually caused by the natural shape of the eye. Genetics:  It often runs in families. Eye structure:  Shorter eyeball length or flatter cornea. Age:  Some hyperopia reduces as the eye grows, while adults may notice symptoms worsening over time. Symptoms of Hyperopia The impact of hyperopia varies by age and severity: Blurred vision at near distances (books, screens, or phones). Eye strain, particularly after prolonged near work. Headaches, especially in children doing schoolwork. Squinting or rubbing the eyes frequently. In children: risk of strabismus or amblyopia if left unmanaged. Risks of Untreated Hyperopia Hyperopia should not be ignored, particularly in children, as it can lead to complications: Amblyopia (Lazy Eye):  Reduced vision in one eye if hyperopia is unequal between eyes. Strabismus:  Eye misalignment due to constant focusing effort. Learning Difficulties:  Reading, writing, and concentration can be affected. Chronic Eye Strain:  Ongoing discomfort in adults. Hyperopia in Children Children may appear to see well but actually struggle with near tasks. Because young eyes can accommodate (focus) strongly, hyperopia can remain hidden until detected in a vision screening. Management in children includes: Regular screenings at preschool and primary school ages. Glasses prescribed by an eye specialist to reduce strain and prevent complications. Monitoring for related conditions such as amblyopia or strabismus. Hyperopia in Adults In adults, hyperopia is more noticeable because focusing ability naturally decreases with age. Even mild hyperopia can cause discomfort in reading or computer use. Management in adults includes: Prescription glasses for reading or full-time wear. Contact lenses for visual comfort. Refractive surgery options such as PRK, SMILE, or ICL in selected cases. Safe Management Options for Hyperopia Spectacles:  The most common and reliable correction. Contact Lenses:  Suitable for older children and adults. Refractive Surgery:  Options like PRK or ICL may reduce dependence on glasses in adults. Lifestyle Support:  Proper lighting, frequent breaks during near work. Lifestyle and Prevention Tips Schedule routine eye screenings, especially for children. Encourage outdoor play to support general eye health. Use good posture and breaks during prolonged reading or computer use. Seek early advice if symptoms like headaches or blurred near vision occur. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is hyperopia the same as presbyopia? No. Hyperopia is a refractive error often present from childhood, while presbyopia is an age-related focusing problem that occurs after 40. 2. Can children outgrow hyperopia? Mild hyperopia may improve as the eye grows, but monitoring is important to prevent complications like lazy eye or squint. 3. How is hyperopia diagnosed? Through a comprehensive eye examination, which may include dilated refraction in children. 4. What are the treatment options for children with hyperopia? Glasses are the mainstay of treatment. In some cases, patching therapy may be needed for lazy eye. 5. Can adults with hyperopia have laser surgery? Yes. Some adults are suitable candidates for procedures such as PRK or SMILE, depending on eye health. 6. How often should children with hyperopia be reviewed? Typically every 6–12 months, depending on severity and whether glasses are prescribed. 7. Does hyperopia always need treatment? Mild cases without symptoms may not require correction, but regular monitoring is essential. 8. What happens if hyperopia is left untreated in children? It may cause amblyopia, strabismus, or learning difficulties due to eye strain. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Audrey Pang Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Paediatric Ophthalmology, Myopia Control, Amblyopia, Strabismus Trained at the University of Cambridge and fellowship-trained in the UK, Dr Audrey Pang specialises in children’s eye care and adult strabismus. She has held roles at Tan Tock Seng Hospital and serves as Visiting Consultant at TTSH and NUH, offering gentle, evidence-based care for patients of all ages. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

What Is PRK? Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) is one of the earliest and most established laser vision correction procedures. It reshapes the cornea using an excimer laser, improving how light is focused onto the retina. Unlike LASIK, PRK does not involve creating a corneal flap. Instead, the thin surface layer (epithelium) is gently removed and regenerates naturally during healing. This makes PRK suitable for patients with thin corneas or those not eligible for LASIK or SMILE. Why Patients Consider PRK No corneal flap: Suitable for thin corneas or those with irregular surfaces. Proven track record: PRK has been safely performed worldwide for decades. Stable long-term results: Especially effective for mild to moderate myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Alternative for active individuals: No flap-related complications, making it safer for contact sports or physically demanding jobs. Who Is Suitable for PRK? You may be a candidate if you: Are 18 years or older Have stable myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism Have thin or irregular corneas unsuitable for LASIK Prefer a flap-free alternative to LASIK or SMILE Do not have active eye disease, keratoconus, or severe dry eye The PRK Procedure: What to Expect Assessment: Detailed eye scans and measurements confirm eligibility. Surface Preparation: The corneal epithelium is removed to expose the treatment area. Laser Reshaping: An excimer laser reshapes the cornea to correct refractive error. Protective Lens: A bandage contact lens is placed to protect the eye during healing. Duration: Each eye typically takes 10–15 minutes. Recovery After PRK Recovery is slower than LASIK or SMILE, as the epithelium takes several days to heal. Patients usually: Experience discomfort or blurriness for the first 3–5 days Notice clearer vision within 1–2 weeks Achieve stable results after 1–3 months Require regular follow-up to ensure smooth healing Benefits of PRK Compared to Other Surgeries PRK vs LASIK: PRK avoids flap-related risks but has longer recovery. PRK vs SMILE: PRK is suitable for patients with thinner corneas or irregular surfaces. PRK vs ICL: PRK does not involve intraocular surgery, making it less invasive in that regard. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is PRK painful? Patients may experience discomfort, tearing, and light sensitivity during the first few days, but pain is managed with medication and protective lenses. 2. How long does recovery take? Functional vision usually returns within 1–2 weeks, with full stabilisation over 1–3 months. 3. Is PRK safer than LASIK? PRK eliminates flap-related risks, but recovery is longer. Both are safe when performed by experienced specialists. 4. Who should not undergo PRK? Patients with keratoconus, unstable prescriptions, severe dry eye, or uncontrolled medical conditions are not suitable. 5. Can PRK correct high myopia? PRK is most effective for mild to moderate prescriptions. Very high myopia may require ICL or LASIK instead. 6. Is PRK covered by Medisave or insurance? No. PRK, like other refractive surgeries, is considered elective and not claimable under Medisave or insurance in Singapore. 7. How long do PRK results last? Results are long-lasting. However, natural age-related changes like presbyopia or cataract can still affect vision later. 8. Is PRK still relevant compared to newer surgeries? Yes. PRK remains valuable for patients unsuitable for LASIK or SMILE, offering safe and effective vision correction. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

All images are for educational purposes only and do not depict actual patients or procedures. What Is ICL Surgery? Implantable Collamer Lenses (ICL) are advanced lenses surgically placed inside the eye to correct high myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Unlike LASIK or SMILE, which reshape the cornea, ICL works by implanting a biocompatible lens between the natural lens and the iris. This makes it an excellent option for patients with very high prescriptions or thin corneas who may not be suitable for laser vision correction. Why Patients Choose ICL Effective for high prescriptions: Corrects up to -18.00D of myopia. Preserves the cornea: No tissue removal, making it suitable for thin or irregular corneas. Reversible: The lens can be removed or replaced if needed. UV protection: Built-in filters help protect against harmful UV rays. Stable results: Provides sharp vision, especially for high myopia cases. Who Is Suitable for ICL Surgery? You may be a candidate if you: Are aged 21–45 years Have high myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism Have thin corneas or are unsuitable for LASIK/SMILE Do not have glaucoma, cataracts, or other active eye diseases Seek a reversible, long-term vision correction solution The ICL Procedure: What to Expect Assessment: Eye measurements and scans confirm suitability. Pre-Surgery Preparation: May include a laser iridotomy to prevent fluid buildup. Surgery: The ICL is inserted through a tiny incision and positioned behind the iris. Duration: Typically 15–20 minutes per eye. Recovery: Clear vision often returns within 1–2 days, with gradual stabilisation over weeks. Benefits of ICL Compared to Other Surgeries ICL vs LASIK: No corneal tissue removal, making it safer for thin corneas. ICL vs SMILE: Suitable for very high prescriptions beyond SMILE’s correction range. ICL vs PRK: Faster recovery and less discomfort. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is ICL surgery painful? No. Anaesthetic drops are used. Patients may feel slight pressure but no pain. 2. How long does recovery take? Most patients notice improvement within 24–48 hours. Vision stabilises over a few weeks. 3. Are the results permanent? Yes, but the lens is removable if needed. Natural age-related changes, such as presbyopia or cataracts, may still occur. 4. What are the risks of ICL surgery? Possible risks include infection, cataract formation, or increased eye pressure. These are rare with proper monitoring. 5. Is ICL surgery better than LASIK? For high myopia or thin corneas, ICL may be safer and more effective. For moderate prescriptions, LASIK or SMILE may be equally suitable. 6. Is ICL covered by Medisave or insurance? No. ICL is considered elective vision correction and is not claimable under Medisave or insurance in Singapore. 7. Can ICL treat astigmatism? Yes. Toric ICLs are available for patients with significant astigmatism. 8. How long does the ICL last? The lens is designed to remain in the eye indefinitely but can be replaced if necessary. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight.

All images are for educational purposes only and do not depict actual patients or procedures. What Is SMILE Surgery? SMILE (Small Incision Lenticule Extraction) is a modern form of laser vision correction designed to treat myopia (short-sightedness) and astigmatism. Unlike LASIK, which creates a corneal flap, SMILE uses a single femtosecond laser to remove a tiny lens-shaped tissue through a micro-incision, making it less invasive and flap-free. Why Patients Consider SMILE Minimally invasive: No large flap, just a 2–4 mm incision. Lower risk of dry eyes: Fewer corneal nerves are cut compared to LASIK. Quick recovery: Most patients notice clearer vision within days. Stable results: Particularly effective for those with active lifestyles. Who Is Suitable for SMILE Surgery? You may be a candidate if you: Are 18 years or older Have stable myopia or myopia with astigmatism Do not have thin corneas, keratoconus, or active eye disease Prefer a less invasive alternative to LASIK The SMILE Procedure: What to Expect Assessment: Detailed eye measurements and scans determine suitability. Surgery: A femtosecond laser creates a lenticule inside the cornea, which is removed through a small incision. Duration: The procedure usually takes less than 20 minutes for both eyes. Recovery: Most patients return to routine activities within a few days, with vision continuing to sharpen over weeks. Benefits of SMILE vs Other Surgeries Compared to LASIK: Flap-free, reduced dry eye risk, similar visual outcomes. Compared to PRK: Faster recovery and less discomfort. Long-term stability for correcting moderate to high myopia. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is SMILE surgery painful? No. Anaesthetic eye drops are used, and most patients only feel slight pressure during the procedure. 2. How long does recovery take? Most patients notice improvement within 1–2 days, but vision may continue to stabilise over 1–2 weeks. 3. What are the risks of SMILE surgery? As with any surgery, risks include infection, undercorrection, or overcorrection, though serious complications are rare. 4. Is SMILE better than LASIK? Both achieve excellent vision correction. SMILE is less invasive and preferred for certain patients, especially those at higher risk of dry eye or with active lifestyles. 5. Is SMILE covered by insurance or Medisave? No. Laser vision correction for refractive errors is considered elective and is not Medisave or insurance claimable in Singapore. 6. Can I exercise after SMILE? Yes, light activities can resume within days. Avoid swimming and contact sports until your doctor advises. 7. How long do the results last? Results are long-lasting, but natural age-related changes like presbyopia or cataract may still affect vision later in life. 8. Can SMILE correct hyperopia (long-sightedness)? Currently, SMILE is approved mainly for myopia and astigmatism. LASIK or PRK may be recommended for hyperopia. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

All images are for educational purposes only and do not depict actual patients or procedures. Why Emergency Eye Care Matters Eye emergencies can happen at any time, from a sudden chemical splash to a sharp foreign object in the eye. Without prompt treatment, these injuries can cause permanent damage or even vision loss. Emergency eye care in Singapore provides immediate assessment, treatment, and follow-up to safeguard sight. Knowing when and where to seek urgent help can make the difference between full recovery and long-term complications. Common Emergency Eye Conditions Foreign Body in the Eye Metal, dust, or wood fragments can lodge in the cornea or conjunctiva. Immediate removal by a specialist prevents scarring and infection. Chemical Eye Injury Exposure to cleaning agents, industrial chemicals, or household products can burn the ocular surface. Emergency care includes immediate flushing, pain relief, and treatment to limit long-term damage. Eye Trauma Blunt injuries, lacerations, or accidents can damage the cornea, eyelids, or internal eye structures. Emergency treatment reduces risks of infection and permanent loss of sight. Sudden Vision Loss Rapid loss of vision may indicate retinal detachment, acute glaucoma, or vascular occlusion. These require urgent specialist intervention. What to Do in an Eye Emergency Do not rub the eye. This can worsen damage. Flush with clean water if chemicals are involved, then seek immediate medical care. Do not attempt to remove embedded objects. Cover the eye lightly and go to the hospital. Seek specialist care quickly. The faster treatment is given, the better the chance of recovery. What Services to Expect from Emergency Eye Care Immediate Assessment: Quick diagnosis using slit-lamp and imaging where needed. Stabilisation & Treatment: Removal of foreign bodies, neutralisation of chemicals, or surgical repair for trauma. Pain Relief & Protection: Medications and protective shields are provided where appropriate. Follow-up Monitoring; Ensures healing, detects complications, and restores function as much as possible. Frequently Asked Questions 1. When should I go to the emergency for an eye issue? Seek urgent care if you experience sudden vision loss, severe eye pain, chemical exposure, trauma, or a foreign body in the eye. 2. Can I rinse my eye at home after chemical injury? Yes, rinse with plenty of clean water immediately, but still seek emergency specialist treatment. 3. How quickly should I see a doctor after an eye injury? As soon as possible, delays increase the risk of permanent damage. Ideally, within the first hour. 4. What happens if a foreign body is not removed? It can cause scarring, infection, or vision loss. Professional removal is essential. 5. Are emergency eye treatments covered by Medisave or insurance? Yes. Untreated trauma, chemical burns, or retinal emergencies can result in permanent sight loss. 7. Should I go to a GP or directly to an eye specialist? Go directly to an eye emergency service or hospital with an ophthalmology department for faster, targeted care. 8. What should I bring when seeking emergency care? Bring a list of medications, details of the incident (e.g., chemical type), and any relevant medical history. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

All images are for educational purposes only and do not depict actual patients or procedures. Why Corneal Surface Health Is Vital The cornea is the clear front layer of the eye that focuses light and protects inner structures. When affected by conditions like corneal ulcers, infections, ocular surface disease, or pterygium, vision and comfort can be seriously compromised. Corneal surface care in Singapore focuses on early diagnosis, targeted treatment, and preventive strategies to keep the eye clear, healthy, and functional. Common Corneal Conditions and Treatments Corneal Ulcers and Infections Caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, corneal ulcers are painful and require urgent care. Treatments may include antibiotic or antifungal drops, antivirals, or in severe cases, corneal surgery. Ocular Surface Disease This refers to chronic disorders affecting the cornea and conjunctiva, including severe dry eye and scarring. Treatments involve lubricants, anti-inflammatory medications, and in some cases, specialised therapies like autologous serum drops. Pterygium A benign but progressive growth of tissue over the cornea, often linked to UV exposure. Surgical removal may be recommended if the growth threatens vision or causes discomfort. What to Expect from Corneal Surface Care Assessment & Diagnosis: Includes slit-lamp examination and corneal imaging. Medical Therapy: Eye drops, ointments, or systemic medications to treat infections and inflammation. Surgical Interventions: For advanced cases like pterygium or persistent ulcers. Follow-up Care: Ongoing monitoring ensures the cornea heals properly and complications are avoided. Benefits of Specialist Corneal Care Restores comfort and clarity of vision Prevents long-term scarring or damage to the cornea Offers both immediate relief and long-term management Provides tailored care, from simple infections to complex surface disease Frequently Asked Questions 1. What are the symptoms of corneal ulcers? Pain, redness, tearing, light sensitivity, and blurred vision. These require urgent specialist care. 2. Can pterygium be prevented? Wearing UV-protective sunglasses and avoiding excessive sun exposure can reduce risk. 3. How serious is ocular surface disease? It can significantly affect comfort and vision if untreated, but most cases can be managed with specialist care. 4. Is corneal surface care painful? Most treatments involve medicated drops and are not painful. Surgical procedures are performed under anaesthesia for comfort. 5. Can corneal infections cause blindness? Yes, untreated infections can scar the cornea and lead to permanent vision loss. Early treatment is essential. 6. Is pterygium removal covered by Medisave? Yes, if medically necessary (e.g., impairing vision). Cosmetic removal for appearance alone is not claimable. 7. How long does it take to recover from corneal surgery? Recovery depends on the procedure, ranging from a few days for minor procedures to weeks for complex cases. 8. Who treats corneal surface conditions? An ophthalmologist specialising in corneal and ocular surface care. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest:  Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

All images are for educational purposes only and do not depict actual patients or procedures. Why Comprehensive Eye Screening for Adults and Seniors Matters As we age, our eyes undergo natural changes, some harmless, others more serious. For adults and seniors, conditions like cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and presbyopia are common. Many of these conditions develop silently and can cause permanent vision loss if left untreated. Comprehensive eye screening for adults and seniors provides a full evaluation of vision and eye health. Unlike basic checks, it examines both the clarity of sight and the internal health of the eye, ensuring conditions are detected early and treated in time. Conditions Checked During Screening Cataract Clouding of the natural lens, leading to hazy vision, glare, or difficulty driving at night. Early detection allows treatment planning before vision significantly declines. Glaucoma This “silent thief of sight” damages the optic nerve, often without early symptoms. Screening includes eye pressure measurement and optic nerve evaluation. Diabetic Retinopathy A complication of diabetes that can cause bleeding and swelling in the retina. Retinal imaging detects early changes before vision is affected. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) AMD damages the central retina, affecting reading and face recognition. Screening helps identify early macular changes that require monitoring or treatment. Presbyopia Difficulty focusing on near objects due to age-related changes in the lens, usually starting in the 40s. Screening helps confirm presbyopia and recommend solutions. What to Expect During a Comprehensive Eye Screening Medical & Vision History: review of past eye health, lifestyle factors, and family history. Visual Acuity Testing: near and distance vision checks. Refraction Test: precise measurement for spectacles or lenses. Eye Pressure Measurement: screening for glaucoma. Slit-Lamp Examination: detailed inspection of the cornea, lens, and anterior eye. Retinal Photography: high-resolution imaging to detect changes in the retina and optic nerve. Specialist Consultation: results explained in clear terms, with advice on next steps if needed. Benefits of Comprehensive Eye Screening Thorough evaluation of both vision and eye structures Early intervention for potentially sight-threatening diseases Peace of mind for adults with risk factors such as diabetes or family history Clear treatment planning to preserve long-term sight and independence Frequently Asked Questions 1. Who should go for comprehensive screening? Adults over 40, seniors, and anyone with diabetes, high blood pressure, or family history of eye disease. 2. How often should I have a screening? Every 1–2 years for healthy adults. More frequent reviews if you have diabetes, hypertension, or early eye disease. 3. Is the screening painful? No. The process is safe and non-invasive. Some tests involve bright lights or dilating drops, which may cause temporary blur or light sensitivity. 4. Can I resume daily activities after screening? Yes. However, if dilating drops are used, avoid driving until your vision clears. 5. Is it covered by Medisave or insurance? Routine screenings are generally not Medisave-claimable. Treatments for diagnosed conditions, such as cataract or glaucoma, may be covered. 6. How long does it take? Typically 45–60 minutes, depending on the range of tests required. 7. What if a condition is detected? Your specialist will recommend next steps, whether further tests, monitoring, or treatment. 8. Can comprehensive screening prevent eye disease? It doesn’t prevent disease but ensures early detection, allowing timely treatment that protects vision. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iye Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989