Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and Vision Loss
- The Straits Eye Centre
- Sep 19
- 4 min read
Introduction: Why AMD Matters
As we age, our eyes go through natural changes. But some conditions go beyond the normal aging process. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is one of them. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision, and gradually reduces the ability to read, drive, and recognize faces.
AMD is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in seniors worldwide, including Singapore. While it cannot be completely cured, early detection and treatment can slow progression, preserve sight, and maintain independence.
What Is Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)?
AMD occurs when the macula deteriorates. The macula is the part of the retina that allows us to see fine detail. When damaged, central vision becomes blurred, distorted, or dark.
Two main types of AMD:
Dry AMD (atrophic): The most common form. It develops slowly as retinal cells break down.
Wet AMD (neovascular): Less common but more severe. Abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina, leaking fluid or blood. This leads to faster vision loss.
Causes and Risk Factors
Age: Most common after age 60.
Genetics: Family history increases risk.
Lifestyle: Smoking doubles the risk.
Medical conditions: High blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity.
Environmental: Long-term UV exposure and poor diet low in leafy greens.
Symptoms of AMD
In early stages, AMD may cause no noticeable symptoms. As it progresses:
Blurred or fuzzy vision.
Dark or empty spots in central vision.
Distorted lines (straight lines appear wavy).
Difficulty reading, recognising faces, or adapting to low light.
How AMD Affects Daily Life
Because AMD affects central vision but not peripheral vision, patients often retain side vision. This means they may still move around safely but struggle with tasks requiring focus.
Everyday challenges include:
Reading newspapers or phone screens.
Driving, especially at night.
Cooking, sewing, or hobbies needing fine detail.
Recognising loved ones’ faces.
Screening and Diagnosis in Singapore
When to get screened:
All adults from age 50 onwards.
Earlier if there is family history or risk factors.
Screening methods include:
Visual acuity test.
Amsler grid: Checks for distorted vision.
Dilated retinal exam: Allows direct view of the macula.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Produces cross-sectional scans.
Fluorescein angiography: Identifies leaking blood vessels in wet AMD.
Treatment Options for AMD
For Dry AMD:
No cure yet, but lifestyle and supplements help slow progression.
AREDS2 supplements (antioxidants, zinc, lutein, zeaxanthin).
Diet rich in leafy greens, fish, and nuts.
For Wet AMD:
Anti-VEGF injections: The mainstay treatment. Injections into the eye block abnormal vessel growth. Regular sessions are needed.
Laser therapy: Sometimes used for abnormal vessels.
Photodynamic therapy: Uses light-activated drugs to seal vessels.
Lifestyle and Prevention
Quit smoking.
Wear UV-protective sunglasses outdoors.
Control blood pressure and cholesterol.
Eat a diet high in leafy vegetables, fruits, and omega-3 fatty acids.
Exercise regularly.
Risks of Untreated AMD
Permanent central vision loss.
Loss of independence in daily life.
Psychological impact: depression, isolation due to reduced function.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is AMD the same as normal aging of the eyes?
No. While some vision decline is natural with age, AMD is a disease that specifically damages the macula and leads to significant central vision loss.
2. Can AMD be cured?
There is no complete cure, but treatments for wet AMD can slow or stabilise the condition. Dry AMD management focuses on prevention and slowing progression.
3. How often should seniors be screened for AMD?
Adults over 50 should undergo eye screening every 1–2 years, or more frequently if symptoms appear or risk factors exist.
4. Does AMD always lead to blindness?
AMD rarely causes total blindness since peripheral vision is usually preserved. However, central vision loss can still be disabling.
5. Are vitamins effective for AMD?
AREDS2 supplements are clinically proven to slow progression in intermediate and advanced AMD. They do not prevent AMD in those without the disease.
6. What is the difference between dry and wet AMD?
Dry AMD progresses slowly and accounts for 80–90% of cases. Wet AMD is faster and more severe due to abnormal vessel growth and leakage.
7. Do injections for wet AMD hurt?
Injections are done under local anaesthetic and are usually well tolerated. Some discomfort or mild irritation may occur.
8. Can lifestyle changes really help AMD?
Yes. Smoking cessation, healthy diet, and blood pressure control all reduce risk and slow progression.
Meet Our Specialists
At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families.
Dr Jayant V Iyer
Senior Consultant & Medical Director
Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage.
Dr Jason Lee
Senior Consultant & Medical Director
Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia.
Cost, Medisave, and Insurance
Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide.
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