Search Results

Introduction: When Your Eyes Feel Constantly Tired If your eyes often feel gritty, watery, or uncomfortable, you may be experiencing Dry Eye Syndrome (DES) . This condition occurs when your eyes do not produce enough quality tears to stay lubricated. In Singapore, dry eyes are increasingly common due to long screen time, air-conditioned environments, and aging. While uncomfortable, it is a manageable condition with the right diagnosis and treatment plan. What Is Dry Eye Syndrome? Dry Eye Syndrome happens when your eyes lack sufficient tears or when tears evaporate too quickly. Tears are essential for keeping the eyes moist, washing away debris, and ensuring clear vision. There are two main types: Aqueous-deficient dry eye : reduced tear production. Evaporative dry eye : tears evaporate too quickly, often due to meibomian gland dysfunction. Causes and Risk Factors Prolonged digital device use (reduced blinking). Air-conditioned or windy environments. Aging, especially in those above 50. Hormonal changes (more common in women). Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sjögren’s syndrome). Certain medications (antihistamines, antidepressants). Contact lens wear. Eyelid conditions like blepharitis or meibomian gland dysfunction. Symptoms of Dry Eye Syndrome Persistent dryness, burning, or stinging sensation. Foreign body sensation (feeling like sand in the eye). Blurred vision, especially after prolonged use of screens. Redness and irritation. Light sensitivity. Paradoxical watery eyes (from reflex tearing). Complications if Untreated Chronic discomfort and reduced quality of life. Increased risk of eye infections. Corneal damage, ulcers, or scarring. Fluctuating or reduced vision. Diagnosis in Singapore An eye specialist can diagnose dry eye through: Tear film breakup time (TBUT). Schirmer’s test  (measuring tear production). Meibomian gland evaluation. Slit-lamp examination  of the cornea and conjunctiva. Treatment Options for Dry Eye Self-care and Lifestyle Adjustments Frequent blinking during screen use. Using humidifiers in dry environments. Taking regular breaks from digital devices. Medical Treatments Artificial tears or lubricating eye drops. Anti-inflammatory eye drops (prescription). Punctal plugs to conserve tears. Warm compresses and lid massage. Oral omega-3 fatty acids (supporting tear quality). Advanced Procedures Meibomian gland expression. Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) therapy for meibomian gland dysfunction. Prevention Tips Follow the 20-20-20 rule  for screen time (every 20 minutes, look 20 feet away for 20 seconds). Maintain proper hydration. Avoid rubbing your eyes. Remove makeup thoroughly before sleep. Practice good eyelid hygiene. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is dry eye permanent? Dry eye is usually a chronic condition but can be managed with proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments. 2. Can dry eye cause blindness? Severe untreated dry eye can damage the cornea, leading to vision loss, but blindness is rare with timely treatment. 3. Are artificial tears safe for long-term use? Yes, preservative-free artificial tears are safe for frequent use. Preservative-containing drops should be used less often. 4. Can contact lens wearers get dry eye? Yes. Contact lenses reduce oxygen flow to the cornea and may worsen dry eye. Specialized lenses may help. 5. How does age affect dry eye? Tear production decreases with age, making dry eye more common in seniors. 6. Can diet help with dry eyes? Yes. Omega-3 fatty acids (from fish or supplements) may improve tear quality. 7. Is dry eye linked to other diseases? Yes. Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or Sjögren’s syndrome can cause severe dry eye. 8. When should I see a doctor? If symptoms persist despite artificial tears, or if you experience pain, blurred vision, or light sensitivity Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: When Eyelid Lumps Appear A small, painful lump on your eyelid is often worrying, but most cases are benign conditions like styes or chalazia . These lumps are very common in Singapore and usually result from blocked oil glands  in the eyelids. Although they often look similar, chalazion and stye are two distinct conditions. Understanding the difference is important, as management strategies differ. Most cases improve with conservative treatment, but persistent or recurrent lumps may need medical attention. What Is a Stye? A stye (hordeolum)  is an acute infection of the eyelid oil glands, usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria . Characteristics of a Stye: Painful, red swelling on the eyelid margin. Can resemble a pimple with a yellow head. May cause tearing, crusting, or eyelid tenderness. Often resolves spontaneously within a week. What Is a Chalazion? A chalazion  is a chronic, non-infectious blockage of a meibomian gland in the eyelid. Characteristics of a Chalazion: Firm, painless lump in the eyelid. May follow a stye that did not resolve fully. Can cause local swelling and cosmetic concerns. Large chalazia may press on the eye, causing blurred vision. Causes and Risk Factors Blocked oil glands. Poor eyelid hygiene. Blepharitis (chronic eyelid inflammation). Rosacea (skin condition). Frequent eye rubbing. Contact lens use with poor hygiene. Symptoms and How to Tell Chalazion and Stye Apart Stye:  Painful, tender, red swelling near lash line. Chalazion:  Painless, firm lump away from lash line. Shared symptoms:  Local swelling, eyelid heaviness, cosmetic concern. Complications if Untreated Persistent lumps may cause cosmetic concerns. Recurrent styes may suggest underlying blepharitis. Large chalazia may press on the cornea and cause astigmatism. Rarely, infection can spread to surrounding tissue. Diagnosis in Singapore An eye specialist can differentiate between styes, chalazia, and more serious eyelid lumps (such as tumours) through: Clinical examination with slit-lamp. Eyelid palpation. Rarely, biopsy if diagnosis is uncertain. Treatment Options For Styes Warm compresses 3–4 times daily. Lid massage to help drainage. Antibiotic ointments or drops if infected. Oral antibiotics for severe cases. For Chalazia Warm compresses and lid massage. If persistent, minor surgery (incision and curettage)  under local anaesthesia. Steroid injection may be used in select cases. Recovery and Outlook Most styes resolve in 7–10 days with simple care. Chalazia may take weeks to months to resolve. Surgical drainage usually leads to rapid recovery. Good eyelid hygiene helps prevent recurrence. Prevention Tips Regular eyelid cleansing (especially for blepharitis patients). Avoid rubbing eyes. Proper contact lens hygiene. Manage underlying skin conditions like rosacea. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Are chalazion and stye the same? No. A stye is an acute infection, while a chalazion is a chronic blockage without infection. 2. Are they contagious? Styes are linked to bacteria but are not highly contagious. Chalazia are not contagious. 3. Do they go away on their own?  Yes, many resolve with warm compresses and hygiene. Persistent cases need treatment. 4. When should I see a doctor?  If the lump persists beyond a few weeks, recurs, or causes vision changes. 5. Can children get styes and chalazia? Yes, especially those with poor eyelid hygiene or frequent rubbing. 6. Is surgery painful? No. It is usually done under local anaesthesia as a day procedure. 7. Can they come back? Yes. Recurrence is common in people with chronic blepharitis or poor eyelid hygiene. 8. Can they turn into cancer? Very rarely. Persistent or unusual lumps should be evaluated by a specialist to rule out malignancy. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: When Eye Bags Are More Than Cosmetic Many people associate eye bags  with cosmetic aging. However, in medical terms, dermatochalasis  refers to an excess of eyelid skin that may hang over the lashes. In severe cases, this can impair vision, cause eye strain, and interfere with daily life. At The Straits Eye Centre, dermatochalasis is managed not only as a cosmetic concern but as a functional eye condition . For some patients, treatment may be considered medically necessary, with insurance or Medisave coverage possible when vision is significantly affected. What Is Dermatochalasis? Dermatochalasis is the medical term for redundant, loose eyelid skin, typically affecting the upper lids. It may be accompanied by herniation of orbital fat, creating the appearance of “eye bags.” Key Features: Redundant folds of upper eyelid skin. Heaviness or drooping of lids. Obstruction of the upper field of vision. Associated with ptosis or eyelid laxity in some cases. Causes and Risk Factors Aging:  Natural loss of skin elasticity and weakening of eyelid structures. Genetics:  Some individuals are predisposed to earlier onset. Chronic swelling:  From allergies or eye rubbing. Medical conditions:  Thyroid eye disease or long-term use of certain eye drops. Symptoms of Dermatochalasis Heaviness of eyelids  leading to eye strain or headaches. Visual field obstruction , especially when reading or driving. Difficulty keeping eyes open for prolonged tasks. Watery or irritated eyes  from excess skin rubbing the ocular surface. Cosmetic changes , such as puffiness or tired appearance. When Are Eye Bags (Dermatochalasis) a Medical Concern? While mild eye bags are often cosmetic, dermatochalasis becomes a functional problem  when: The upper eyelid skin droops into the line of sight. Visual field testing shows obstruction. Patients develop neck strain from raising eyebrows to see clearly. Chronic irritation occurs from skin rubbing against the eye. In such cases, surgical correction (functional blepharoplasty) may be advised. Diagnosis of Dermatochalasis An eye specialist will perform: Visual field test:  To document obstruction. Slit-lamp exam:  To rule out other eyelid or ocular surface issues. Photographs:  For medical documentation and insurance purposes. Treatment Options Non-Surgical Options Limited benefit. Eye creams and cold compresses may reduce puffiness temporarily but cannot remove excess skin. Surgical Options: Functional Blepharoplasty Removal of excess skin, and sometimes fat, from the upper eyelids. Often done under local anaesthesia as a day procedure. Improves both visual function  and cosmetic appearance . Recovery After Eyelid Surgery Swelling and bruising for 1–2 weeks. Stitches typically removed within a week. Most patients resume normal activities in 1–2 weeks. Results are long-lasting, though aging may cause recurrence over time. Risks of Eyelid Surgery Asymmetry between eyelids. Over- or under-correction. Temporary dry eyes or irritation. Rare complications: infection, scarring, bleeding. Prevention and Eye Care Tips Protect skin from excessive sun exposure. Manage allergies to avoid frequent eye rubbing. Maintain good overall skin health with hydration and nutrition. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Are eye bags always cosmetic? No. When excess skin obstructs vision, it is a medical condition called dermatochalasis 2. How do I know if my eye bags are affecting my vision?  If you notice difficulty seeing objects above eye level, or strain when reading, you may have functional impairment. 3. What is functional blepharoplasty?  It is eyelid surgery performed for medical reasons to improve vision, not just appearance. 4. Can insurance or Medisave cover surgery?  Yes, if dermatochalasis causes documented vision obstruction. Cosmetic-only cases are not covered. 5. Is blepharoplasty painful?  It is usually done under local anaesthesia with mild sedation. Most patients report minimal discomfort. 6. What is the difference between dermatochalasis and ptosis? Dermatochalasis is excess skin, while ptosis is weakness of the eyelid lifting muscle. Both may occur together. 7. How long do results last? Most patients enjoy long-term improvement, though natural aging continues 8. Can non-surgical treatments replace surgery? No. While creams or lasers may tighten skin temporarily, they do not remove significant excess skin. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: The Common Yet Chronic Eyelid Condition If your eyelids often feel itchy, red, or irritated, you may be experiencing blepharitis , a chronic condition that affects the eyelid margins. Though not sight-threatening in most cases, blepharitis can be uncomfortable, unsightly, and recurrent. It can also contribute to dry eye disease  or complicate other eye conditions if left unmanaged. In Singapore’s humid climate, blepharitis is a frequent complaint among patients seen at eye clinics. Fortunately, with consistent care and specialist guidance, symptoms can be controlled and quality of life improved. What Is Blepharitis? Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelid margins , often involving the oil glands at the base of the eyelashes. It can affect one or both eyes and may be acute or chronic. Types of Blepharitis: Anterior blepharitis:  Affects the skin and eyelashes at the front of the eyelid. Posterior blepharitis:  Affects the inner eyelid and meibomian glands, closely linked with dry eyes. Mixed blepharitis:  Combination of both. Causes and Risk Factors Bacterial infection  (commonly Staphylococcus). Seborrheic dermatitis  (dandruff of the scalp and eyebrows). Rosacea  (skin condition causing facial redness). Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Allergic reactions  (to eye makeup, contact lenses, or solutions). Poor eyelid hygiene. Symptoms of Blepharitis Red, swollen eyelids. Crusts or flakes around eyelashes. Burning or stinging sensation. Itchiness. Gritty or foreign body sensation in the eyes. Watery eyes or, conversely, dry eye symptoms. Light sensitivity in severe cases. Complications if Left Untreated Chronic dry eyes. Styes and chalazia  (blocked oil glands). Keratitis  (inflammation of the cornea). Permanent changes to eyelid margins  in long-standing cases. Diagnosis in Singapore An eye specialist diagnoses blepharitis with: Clinical examination under a slit-lamp microscope. Assessment of meibomian gland function. Evaluation for associated skin conditions like rosacea. Treatment Options for Blepharitis Daily Eyelid Hygiene (Cornerstone of Treatment) Warm compresses to loosen crusts and unclog oil glands. Gentle eyelid scrubs with diluted baby shampoo or medicated wipes. Regular cleaning of makeup and debris. Medications Topical antibiotics:  For bacterial blepharitis. Oral antibiotics:  Such as doxycycline, for severe or rosacea-associated cases. Steroid eye drops/ointments:  For short-term inflammation control. Managing Associated Conditions Treating dandruff or rosacea can improve eyelid health. Lubricating eye drops help relieve dryness. Lifestyle and Prevention Tips Practice daily eyelid hygiene even when symptoms improve. Avoid rubbing eyes. Remove makeup thoroughly each night. Manage underlying skin conditions. Use artificial tears if dry eyes are present. Frequently Answered Questions 1. Is blepharitis contagious?  No. Unlike infections such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis is not contagious. 2. Can blepharitis be cured?  Blepharitis is usually chronic. While it cannot always be cured, symptoms can be well managed with ongoing care. 3. How often should I clean my eyelids? Daily eyelid hygiene is recommended, even when symptoms are mild or absent. 4. Can blepharitis cause permanent damage? Long-term untreated blepharitis can affect eyelid structure and contribute to corneal problems, but this is less common with proper management. 5. Can children get blepharitis? Yes. Though more common in adults, children can develop blepharitis, often linked to poor eyelid hygiene or skin conditions. 6. Is makeup safe if I have blepharitis? Yes, but makeup should be removed completely every night. Hypoallergenic products are recommended. 7. Can contact lenses worsen blepharitis? Yes, especially during flare-ups. Daily disposable lenses may be better for patients prone to blepharitis. 8. When should I see a doctor? If symptoms persist despite good hygiene, vision becomes affected, or you develop a painful lump, seek specialist care. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: What Is Surfer’s Eye? If you’ve ever noticed a wedge-shaped growth creeping from the white of the eye onto the cornea, you may have seen a pterygium . Often nicknamed surfer’s eye , this condition is strongly linked to prolonged sun and UV exposure . While surfers are at high risk, anyone who spends significant time outdoors in Singapore’s sunny climate can develop it. For many, pterygium starts as a cosmetic concern. But in some cases, it causes redness, irritation, or even blurred vision. Severe cases may require surgery to remove the growth and restore comfort. What Is a Pterygium? A pterygium is a benign (non-cancerous) fibrovascular growth of conjunctival tissue extending from the white of the eye onto the cornea. Key characteristics: Triangular or wedge-shaped. Usually grows from the inner corner of the eye. May remain small or progressively enlarge. Unlike a simple red vein or conjunctival thickening, a pterygium grows onto the cornea and can distort vision if untreated. Causes and Risk Factors UV exposure:  The most significant cause. Outdoor environments:  Fishermen, farmers, construction workers, and athletes. Dry, dusty, or windy climates:  Irritation worsens risk. Genetics:  Higher prevalence in some populations. Age:  More common in adults over 30. Symptoms of Pterygium Redness or inflammation of the growth. Gritty, foreign body sensation. Eye irritation, tearing, or dryness. Cosmetic concern (visible white or pink growth). Blurred vision if the growth distorts the cornea or covers the pupil. Risks of Untreated Pterygium Progressive enlargement onto the cornea. Astigmatism due to corneal distortion. Reduced vision if it covers the visual axis. Chronic irritation and redness. Diagnosis in Singapore An eye specialist can diagnose pterygium with a slit-lamp examination . In advanced cases, corneal topography  may be done to assess induced astigmatism. Treatment Options Non-Surgical Management Lubricating eye drops:  Relieve irritation. Anti-inflammatory drops:  Short-term relief for redness. UV protection:  Sunglasses and hats to slow progression. Surgical Management When the pterygium is large, recurrent, or affects vision: Pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft:  The most effective surgery. Removes the growth and replaces it with healthy conjunctiva to reduce recurrence. Amniotic membrane graft:  Sometimes used for large or recurrent cases. Adjunctive therapies (mitomycin C, fibrin glue):  Reduce recurrence rates. Recovery After Pterygium Surgery Mild discomfort and redness for 1–2 weeks. Stitches or tissue glue dissolve over time. Eye drops prescribed to aid healing and prevent infection. Return to work within days, depending on occupation. Recurrence possible, but reduced with modern surgical techniques. Prevention Tips Wear UV-blocking sunglasses  outdoors. Use wide-brimmed hats in sunny weather. Avoid dusty or windy environments when possible. Use artificial tears to keep eyes moist. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is pterygium dangerous? No, it is not cancerous. But it can impair vision if it grows across the cornea. 2. Can pterygium go away on its own? No. Once formed, it does not regress. Only surgery removes it. 3. Is surgery always required? Not always. Small, stable pterygia may be monitored with drops and UV protection. 4. How long does pterygium surgery take? Typically 30–60 minutes, done as a day procedure. 5. Is surgery painful?  No. It is performed under local anaesthesia. Some mild post-op irritation is common. 6. Can pterygium come back after removal? Yes, recurrence is possible, but modern techniques lower the risk. 7. Who is most at risk in Singapore?  Outdoor workers, athletes, and those exposed to prolonged sun and haze. 8. Can children get pterygium?  It is rare, but possible, especially in tropical climates. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Understanding Strabismus Strabismus, commonly known as “squint” or “crossed eyes,” occurs when the eyes do not look in the same direction. While one eye may focus straight ahead, the other may turn inward, outward, upward, or downward. In children, strabismus is more than just a cosmetic issue. If untreated, it can disrupt visual development, cause double vision, and lead to amblyopia (lazy eye). Early detection and treatment are essential for restoring proper alignment and protecting long-term vision. What Is Strabismus? Strabismus is a condition where the eye muscles do not work together to align the eyes. Because the eyes point in different directions, the brain receives two different images. To avoid double vision, the brain may ignore input from the misaligned eye, leading to amblyopia. Key facts: Strabismus affects about 2–4% of children. It may be constant or intermittent. Early treatment improves outcomes significantly. Types of Strabismus Esotropia:  Eye turns inward (cross-eyed). Exotropia:  Eye turns outward (wall-eyed). Hypertropia:  Eye turns upward. Hypotropia:  Eye turns downward. Strabismus may also be constant or appear only when the child is tired or focusing. Causes of Strabismus Genetics:  Family history increases risk. Refractive errors:  High hyperopia may lead to esotropia. Muscle or nerve abnormalities:  Affecting eye movement. Associated conditions:  Prematurity, cerebral palsy, or Down syndrome. Symptoms of Strabismus Children may not always complain of symptoms, but signs to watch for include: Visible misalignment of one or both eyes. Squinting or closing one eye, especially in bright sunlight. Tilting or turning the head. Complaints of double vision. Poor depth perception. Risks of Untreated Strabismus If not managed, strabismus can lead to: Amblyopia (Lazy Eye):  Permanent vision loss in the misaligned eye. Poor depth perception:  Difficulty judging distances. Cosmetic and social issues:  Affecting self-confidence. Functional vision problems:  Impacting learning, sports, and coordination. Strabismus in Children: Why Early Care Matters Strabismus is most effectively treated in childhood when the visual system is still developing. Regular screenings at preschool and primary school help with early detection. Management in children may include: Glasses to correct refractive errors. Patching therapy or atropine drops to strengthen the weaker eye. Surgery to adjust eye muscles for alignment. Ongoing monitoring to prevent amblyopia recurrence. Treatment Options for Strabismus 1. Glasses:  Correct refractive errors that may contribute to misalignment.  2. Patching:  Covers the stronger eye to stimulate the weaker one.  3. Atropine drops:  Temporarily blur the stronger eye to encourage weaker eye use.  4. Surgery:  For persistent or significant misalignment, surgery repositions or tightens the eye muscles.  5. Vision therapy:  In select cases, exercises may help coordination. Role of Parents in Strabismus Care Watch for early signs of misalignment. Ensure children wear prescribed glasses. Support compliance with patching or drops. Encourage follow-up visits for progress checks. Lifestyle Support and Prevention While strabismus cannot always be prevented, early detection makes treatment more effective. Parents should: Arrange regular screenings. Encourage outdoor play for general eye health. Seek medical attention if eye misalignment is observed, even intermittently. Frequently Asked Questions 1. At what age can strabismus appear in children? It may appear in infancy or later in childhood, often becoming noticeable around preschool age. 2. Is strabismus the same as amblyopia? No. Strabismus is eye misalignment, while amblyopia is reduced vision due to the brain ignoring one eye’s input. They often occur together. 3. Can strabismus be outgrown? No. True strabismus requires professional care; it does not resolve without treatment. 4. How is strabismus diagnosed? Through a comprehensive eye exam that includes checking alignment, vision, and refraction. 5. What is the success rate of strabismus surgery? Many children achieve improved alignment, but some may need more than one surgery or additional therapies. 6. Can strabismus return after treatment? Yes, ongoing monitoring is essential as recurrence can happen. 7. Does strabismus always require surgery? Not always. Mild cases may improve with glasses or patching, but surgery is often needed for significant misalignment. 8. Can strabismus affect adults too? Yes. Some adults retain strabismus from childhood or develop it later due to trauma, neurological issues, or other conditions. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Audrey Pang Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Paediatric Ophthalmology, Myopia Control, Amblyopia, Strabismus Trained at the University of Cambridge and fellowship-trained in the UK, Dr Audrey Pang specialises in children’s eye care and adult strabismus. She has held roles at Tan Tock Seng Hospital and serves as Visiting Consultant at TTSH and NUH, offering gentle, evidence-based care for patients of all ages. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why Glaucoma Is Called the Silent Thief Glaucoma is often called the “silent thief of sight” because it causes gradual vision loss without obvious early symptoms. By the time patients notice changes, significant and irreversible damage to the optic nerve may already have occurred. In Singapore, glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness. Seniors, those with family history, and people with certain medical conditions such as diabetes are at higher risk. Fortunately, with regular screening and timely treatment, vision loss can be slowed or prevented. What Is Glaucoma? Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). The optic nerve is essential for transmitting visual information to the brain. When it is damaged, vision loss occurs. Key facts: Vision loss from glaucoma is permanent. It often progresses without symptoms. Screening is the only way to detect it early. Types of Glaucoma Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma:  The most common type, with slow, gradual vision loss. Angle-Closure Glaucoma:  Less common but a medical emergency, with sudden eye pain, headache, nausea, and blurred vision. Normal-Tension Glaucoma:  Optic nerve damage occurs despite normal eye pressure. Secondary Glaucoma:  Caused by other eye conditions, trauma, or medications. Causes and Risk Factors of Glaucoma in Adults and Seniors Increased intraocular pressure. Age:  More common after 40, especially over 60. Family history:  Strong genetic component. Ethnicity:  Higher prevalence in Asians and Africans. Medical conditions:  Diabetes, hypertension. Eye injuries or long-term steroid use. Symptoms of Glaucoma Early glaucoma in adults and seniors usually has no noticeable symptoms. As it progresses: Gradual loss of peripheral vision. Tunnel vision in advanced stages. In acute angle-closure glaucoma: severe eye pain, headache, nausea, blurred vision, halos around lights. Why Untreated Glaucoma Is Dangerous Permanent and irreversible vision loss. Increased risk of blindness if not managed. Reduced independence and safety in daily life. Screening for Glaucoma Glaucoma is best detected through regular eye screenings, which may include: Tonometry:  Measures eye pressure. Optic nerve assessment:  Checking for damage. Visual field test:  Detecting peripheral vision loss. Optical coherence tomography (OCT):  Imaging the optic nerve and retina. In Singapore, adults above 40, or those with risk factors, should undergo periodic screening. Treatment Options for Glaucoma While glaucoma cannot be cured, treatment slows its progression and protects remaining vision. Medicated eye drops:  First-line treatment to lower intraocular pressure. Laser therapy:  Improves fluid drainage in the eye. Surgery:  For advanced or unresponsive cases, options include trabeculectomy or implant surgery. Monitoring:  Lifelong follow-up is essential. Living with Glaucoma Glaucoma requires ongoing management. Patients should: Adhere strictly to prescribed medication. Attend regular follow-up visits. Inform doctors about glaucoma before starting new medications. Make lifestyle adjustments: proper lighting, avoiding falls, and managing chronic diseases. Lifestyle and Prevention Regular eye screenings, especially for those above 40. Control diabetes and hypertension. Protect eyes from injury. Inform family members, as glaucoma can run in families. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Can glaucoma be cured? No. Vision lost from glaucoma cannot be restored, but treatment slows progression. 2. How often should I be screened for glaucoma? Adults over 40 or those with risk factors should undergo screening every 1–2 years. 3. What is the difference between open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma? Open-angle develops slowly and silently, while angle-closure is sudden and painful, requiring emergency care. 4. Do all patients with high eye pressure develop glaucoma? No. Some may never develop optic nerve damage, but monitoring is needed. 5. Is glaucoma hereditary? Yes. A family history of glaucoma increases risk significantly. 6. What are the latest treatments for glaucoma? Laser and minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS) are newer options, depending on suitability. 7. Can lifestyle changes help glaucoma? Healthy habits may support overall eye health, but medical treatment is essential. 8. What happens if I stop my glaucoma drops? Stopping medication without advice can lead to permanent, irreversible vision loss. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: The Common Midlife Vision Change Presbyopia is a natural part of ageing that affects nearly everyone after the age of 40. It occurs when the eye’s lens gradually loses flexibility, making it harder to focus on nearby objects. Suddenly, tasks like reading menus, threading a needle, or scrolling on your phone may feel frustrating without holding items at arm’s length. While presbyopia is not a disease, it is a universal condition that affects quality of life. Fortunately, there are safe and effective ways to correct it, from glasses to surgical options, tailored to each person’s needs and lifestyle. What Is Presbyopia? Presbyopia comes from the Greek word meaning “old eye.” It results from the gradual thickening and loss of elasticity of the eye’s natural lens, which reduces its ability to change shape for near focusing. Key facts: Affects most adults after 40–45 years of age. Not preventable but easily manageable. Different from hyperopia (long-sightedness), although both affect near vision. Causes of Presbyopia Ageing:  The primary cause, as the lens hardens with time. Loss of lens flexibility:  Reduced ability to focus on near objects. Reduced muscle function:  The ciliary muscles that control the lens weaken slightly with age. Symptoms of Presbyopia Difficulty reading fine print or needing brighter light. Holding reading material at arm’s length. Eye strain or headaches after near work. Blurred vision at normal reading distance. Risks and Impact of Untreated Presbyopia While presbyopia itself does not cause blindness, untreated cases can affect quality of life: Reduced productivity:  Difficulty with work involving near tasks. Safety concerns:  Reading medication labels or operating machinery. Eye strain and fatigue:  From constant effort to focus. Presbyopia in Adults and Seniors Presbyopia affects adults and seniors differently: Adults (40s–50s):  First symptoms appear, often managed with reading glasses. Seniors (60s and above):  Presbyopia stabilises, but other conditions like cataracts or glaucoma may also arise. Regular eye screenings help differentiate presbyopia from other age-related eye conditions. Safe Management Options for Presbyopia 1. Glasses: Reading glasses for occasional use. Bifocals, trifocals, or progressive lenses for those needing both distance and near correction. 2. Contact Lenses: Multifocal lenses. Monovision (one eye corrected for distance, the other for near). 3. Refractive Surgery: SMILE or PRK for selected cases. Implantable lenses (ICL). Refractive lens exchange (RLE), similar to cataract surgery, replaces the natural lens with an artificial one designed for near and distance vision. Lifestyle and Prevention Tips Presbyopia cannot be prevented, but discomfort can be reduced with lifestyle adjustments: Use adequate lighting when reading. Take regular breaks during near tasks (20-20-20 rule). Schedule regular eye exams after age 40. Consider task-specific glasses for work or hobbies. Frequently Asked Questions 1. At what age does presbyopia usually begin? Most people notice symptoms in their early to mid-40s. 2. Is presbyopia the same as hyperopia? No. Hyperopia is due to the eye’s shape, while presbyopia results from ageing of the lens. 3. Can presbyopia be reversed? No. It is a natural ageing process, but vision can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or surgery. 4. Are progressive lenses better than bifocals?  Progressive lenses provide a smooth transition between distances, while bifocals have a visible line. Suitability depends on lifestyle. 5. Can contact lenses correct presbyopia?  Yes. Multifocal and monovision lenses are available for suitable candidates. 6. Does surgery for presbyopia work? Yes. Options such as refractive lens exchange or multifocal implants may be suitable for adults seeking long-term solutions. 7. Do digital devices worsen presbyopia? No. Devices don’t cause presbyopia, but they can worsen symptoms of eye strain. 8. Should I still have eye screenings if I only have presbyopia?  Yes. Regular screenings are essential to rule out other age-related eye conditions like cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: The Hidden Eye Complication of Diabetes Diabetes is not just about blood sugar control. Over time, high glucose levels can silently damage the delicate blood vessels in the back of the eye, leading to diabetic retinopathy . It is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness among working-age adults worldwide, including Singapore. The condition often develops without obvious symptoms in its early stages. This makes regular diabetic retinal screening essential  for anyone living with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. With timely detection and treatment, vision loss from diabetic retinopathy can often be prevented. What Is Diabetic Retinopathy? Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes-related complication that damages the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy: Mild non-proliferative retinopathy:  Small areas of swelling in retinal blood vessels. Moderate non-proliferative retinopathy:  Blood vessels that nourish the retina are blocked. Severe non-proliferative retinopathy:  More blockages deprive areas of the retina of blood supply. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy:  New, fragile blood vessels grow abnormally, leading to leakage, bleeding, and possible retinal detachment. Causes and Risk Factors Poorly controlled blood sugar over time. Long duration of diabetes (risk rises after 10–20 years). High blood pressure or cholesterol. Pregnancy in women with diabetes. Smoking, which worsens vascular damage. Symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy In early stages, there may be no symptoms at all. As the condition progresses: Blurred or fluctuating vision. Dark spots or floaters. Difficulty seeing at night. Vision loss in severe cases. Because symptoms appear late, screening is the only reliable way to detect changes early . Risks of Untreated Diabetic Retinopathy Without timely care, diabetic retinopathy can lead to: Severe, permanent vision loss. Retinal detachment. Glaucoma (secondary to new blood vessel growth). Complete blindness. Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy in Singapore Who should be screened? All people with diabetes, regardless of age. Annual screening recommended, as per Singapore’s Ministry of Health (MOH) guidelines. Screening methods include: Digital retinal photography. Comprehensive dilated eye exams. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) when needed. Screenings can be done in hospitals, specialist centres, or community screening programmes. Treatment Options Treatment depends on the severity of the condition: Early stages: Regular monitoring. Good diabetes control (blood sugar, blood pressure, cholesterol). Advanced stages: Laser treatment (photocoagulation):  Seals leaking vessels. Anti-VEGF injections:  Reduce abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage. Vitrectomy surgery:  Removes blood and scar tissue from the eye. Lifestyle and Prevention Tips Keep HbA1c (average blood sugar) in target range. Control blood pressure and cholesterol. Eat a balanced diet and maintain healthy weight. Quit smoking. Attend annual eye screenings even if vision seems fine. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Can diabetic retinopathy be prevented?  Strict control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol can reduce the risk. Regular screenings are key. 2. Is diabetic retinopathy reversible?  No, but treatments can slow progression and preserve remaining vision. 3. How often should I be screened? Most people with diabetes should have annual retinal screenings. Your doctor may recommend more frequent checks if changes are found. 4. Does diabetic retinopathy always cause symptoms? No. Many people have no symptoms until vision loss occurs. That’s why screening is vital. 5. What happens if diabetic retinopathy is left untreated?  It can lead to bleeding, retinal detachment, and blindness. 6. Is treatment painful? Laser treatments and injections are usually well tolerated under local anaesthesia. 7. Do I need surgery for diabetic retinopathy? Only advanced cases require vitrectomy surgery. Many are managed with laser or injections. 8. Does controlling my diabetes completely prevent retinopathy?  It greatly reduces the risk but does not guarantee prevention. Duration of diabetes still matters. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant Eye Surgeon Special interest:  Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: Why AMD Matters As we age, our eyes go through natural changes. But some conditions go beyond the normal aging process. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)  is one of them. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision, and gradually reduces the ability to read, drive, and recognize faces. AMD is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in seniors worldwide, including Singapore. While it cannot be completely cured, early detection and treatment can slow progression, preserve sight, and maintain independence. What Is Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)? AMD occurs when the macula deteriorates. The macula is the part of the retina that allows us to see fine detail. When damaged, central vision becomes blurred, distorted, or dark. Two main types of AMD: Dry AMD (atrophic):  The most common form. It develops slowly as retinal cells break down. Wet AMD (neovascular):  Less common but more severe. Abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina, leaking fluid or blood. This leads to faster vision loss. Causes and Risk Factors Age:  Most common after age 60. Genetics:  Family history increases risk. Lifestyle:  Smoking doubles the risk. Medical conditions:  High blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity. Environmental:  Long-term UV exposure and poor diet low in leafy greens. Symptoms of AMD In early stages, AMD may cause no noticeable symptoms. As it progresses: Blurred or fuzzy vision. Dark or empty spots in central vision. Distorted lines (straight lines appear wavy). Difficulty reading, recognising faces, or adapting to low light. How AMD Affects Daily Life Because AMD affects central vision  but not peripheral vision, patients often retain side vision. This means they may still move around safely but struggle with tasks requiring focus. Everyday challenges include: Reading newspapers or phone screens. Driving, especially at night. Cooking, sewing, or hobbies needing fine detail. Recognising loved ones’ faces. Screening and Diagnosis in Singapore When to get screened: All adults from age 50 onwards. Earlier if there is family history or risk factors. Screening methods include: Visual acuity test. Amsler grid:  Checks for distorted vision. Dilated retinal exam:  Allows direct view of the macula. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT):  Produces cross-sectional scans. Fluorescein angiography:  Identifies leaking blood vessels in wet AMD. Treatment Options for AMD For Dry AMD: No cure yet, but lifestyle and supplements help slow progression. AREDS2 supplements  (antioxidants, zinc, lutein, zeaxanthin). Diet rich in leafy greens, fish, and nuts. For Wet AMD: Anti-VEGF injections:  The mainstay treatment. Injections into the eye block abnormal vessel growth. Regular sessions are needed. Laser therapy:  Sometimes used for abnormal vessels. Photodynamic therapy:  Uses light-activated drugs to seal vessels. Lifestyle and Prevention Quit smoking. Wear UV-protective sunglasses outdoors. Control blood pressure and cholesterol. Eat a diet high in leafy vegetables, fruits, and omega-3 fatty acids. Exercise regularly. Risks of Untreated AMD Permanent central vision loss. Loss of independence in daily life. Psychological impact: depression, isolation due to reduced function. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is AMD the same as normal aging of the eyes? No. While some vision decline is natural with age, AMD is a disease that specifically damages the macula and leads to significant central vision loss. 2. Can AMD be cured? There is no complete cure, but treatments for wet AMD can slow or stabilise the condition. Dry AMD management focuses on prevention and slowing progression. 3. How often should seniors be screened for AMD? Adults over 50 should undergo eye screening every 1–2 years, or more frequently if symptoms appear or risk factors exist. 4. Does AMD always lead to blindness? AMD rarely causes total blindness since peripheral vision is usually preserved. However, central vision loss can still be disabling. 5. Are vitamins effective for AMD? AREDS2 supplements are clinically proven to slow progression in intermediate and advanced AMD. They do not prevent AMD in those without the disease. 6. What is the difference between dry and wet AMD?  Dry AMD progresses slowly and accounts for 80–90% of cases. Wet AMD is faster and more severe due to abnormal vessel growth and leakage. 7. Do injections for wet AMD hurt?  Injections are done under local anaesthetic and are usually well tolerated. Some discomfort or mild irritation may occur. 8. Can lifestyle changes really help AMD? Yes. Smoking cessation, healthy diet, and blood pressure control all reduce risk and slow progression. Meet Our Specialists At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jayant V Iyer Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Cataract, Glaucoma, General Ophthalmology With specialist training in Singapore and the UK, Dr Jayant V Iyer has served as Head of Department at Sengkang General Hospital and Senior Consultant at Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He is committed to delivering safe, precise surgical care with clear communication at every stage. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: When Eyelids Turn the Wrong Way Your eyelids are more than a cosmetic feature, they protect, lubricate, and shield the eyes. But when they lose their natural position, problems arise. Entropion  happens when the eyelid turns inward, causing lashes to rub against the eye. Ectropion  occurs when the eyelid droops outward, exposing the eye surface. Both conditions are more common in older adults and can lead to irritation, infection, and even vision-threatening damage if not treated. What Is Entropion? Entropion is an inward turning of the eyelid, usually the lower lid. This causes eyelashes and skin to rub against the cornea and conjunctiva, leading to: Eye redness. Tearing. Foreign body sensation. Pain and corneal damage in severe cases. Types of Entropion Involutional:  Age-related, due to eyelid laxity. Congenital:  Rare, present from birth. Cicatricial:  Caused by scarring from injury, infection, or previous surgery. Spastic:  Temporary, due to eyelid muscle spasm. What Is Ectropion? Ectropion is the outward turning of the eyelid margin, usually the lower lid. This exposes the inner surface of the eyelid and leaves the eye surface unprotected. Symptoms include: Dry, irritated eyes. Excessive tearing (paradoxical, as tears spill out). Sensitivity to wind and light. Chronic redness or discharge. Types of Ectropion Involutional:  Most common, from age-related muscle weakness. Paralytic:  Due to facial nerve palsy. Cicatricial:  From scarring or trauma. Mechanical:  Caused by eyelid tumours or heavy swelling. Causes and Risk Factors Aging:  The leading cause of both entropion and ectropion. Previous eye surgery or trauma. Chronic inflammation or infection. Neurological disease (Bell’s palsy, stroke). Congenital anomalies (rare). Complications if Left Untreated For entropion:  Corneal abrasions, ulcers, scarring, vision loss. For ectropion:  Chronic conjunctivitis, exposure keratitis, corneal damage. Both conditions can significantly reduce quality of life by causing discomfort, blurred vision, and risk of eye infections. Diagnosis in Singapore Eye specialists diagnose entropion and ectropion with a clinical exam, checking eyelid position, tone, and eye surface health. Additional tests may include: Fluorescein staining to detect corneal damage. Tear film evaluation. Treatment Options for Entropion and Ectropion For Entropion Temporary relief:  Lubricating eye drops, taping eyelids, or botulinum toxin injections. Surgery:  Tightens or repositions eyelid muscles and tendons. For Ectropion Temporary relief:  Artificial tears, ointments, moisture shields. Surgery:  Tightening or repositioning the eyelid. Skin grafting may be needed for cicatricial ectropion. Both surgeries are typically outpatient procedures with local anaesthesia. Recovery After Eyelid Surgery Mild swelling and bruising are common for 1–2 weeks. Cold compresses and prescribed ointments aid healing. Patients usually resume normal activities in 1–2 weeks. Surgery provides lasting relief, though recurrence is possible with aging. Prevention and Eye Care Tips Protect eyes from trauma. Treat chronic eye infections promptly. Regular eye exams after age 50. Avoid rubbing eyes excessively. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Are entropion and ectropion the same condition? No. Entropion is inward turning, ectropion is outward turning of the eyelid. 2. Who is most at risk?  Older adults, people with previous eye surgeries or injuries, and those with facial nerve issues. 3. Can eye drops cure these conditions? No. Drops provide temporary relief, but surgery is usually required for long-term correction. 4. Is surgery painful?  No. Procedures are done under local anaesthesia and are usually well tolerated. 5. What happens if I delay surgery? You risk corneal damage, chronic irritation, and vision loss. 6. Is recurrence possible after surgery? Yes, especially with further aging. However, most patients have long-lasting improvement. 7. Can children have entropion or ectropion? Yes, but it is rare and usually congenital. Surgery is tailored to the child’s needs. 8. Are these surgeries covered by insurance in Singapore? Yes, if they are deemed medically necessary due to vision or eye health impact. Cosmetic-only corrections are not covered. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989

Introduction: More Than Just a Cosmetic Concern Ptosis, commonly called droopy eyelid , is not just about looks. When the upper eyelid falls lower than normal, it can interfere with vision, cause eye strain, and affect confidence. Ptosis can affect one or both eyes, and its severity ranges from mild drooping to complete eyelid closure. In Singapore, ptosis is a common reason people seek eye specialist care. While mild cases may only cause cosmetic concerns, moderate to severe ptosis often requires medical attention, including surgery, to restore both vision and comfort. What Is Ptosis? Ptosis occurs when the muscle responsible for lifting the eyelid (the levator muscle) weakens, stretches, or detaches. This can happen for several reasons: Congenital ptosis:  Present at birth due to poor muscle development. Acquired ptosis:  Develops later in life, often from aging, trauma, or medical conditions. Causes of Ptosis Age-related changes:  The most common cause, where the eyelid muscle stretches over time. Congenital factors:  Weak eyelid muscle from birth. Neurological conditions:  Nerve damage or disorders affecting eyelid control. Trauma or surgery:  Eyelid injury or after cataract/eye surgery. Systemic conditions:  Such as myasthenia gravis. Symptoms of Ptosis Drooping eyelid(s), one or both sides. Needing to tilt the head back or raise eyebrows to see clearly. Eye strain, especially when reading. Reduced field of vision. Uneven appearance of eyes. When Does Ptosis Need Treatment? Mild drooping may not require intervention. However, you should seek medical advice if: The eyelid blocks part of your pupil and affects daily vision. You develop neck or forehead strain from trying to lift your eyelid. Children with congenital ptosis risk amblyopia (lazy eye). Drooping worsens suddenly, which may signal neurological problems. Diagnosis of Ptosis An eye specialist will perform: Eyelid measurements  (margin reflex distance, levator function). Eye examination  to rule out other causes of drooping. Visual field test  if vision is blocked. Neurological assessment  in select cases. Treatment Options for Ptosis Non-Surgical Options Observation for mild cases with no functional impact. Ptosis crutches (spectacle attachments that lift eyelids). Rarely used. Surgical Options Levator resection or advancement:  Tightens the eyelid muscle for better lift. Frontalis sling surgery:  Connects the eyelid to the forehead muscle, used in severe or congenital ptosis. Surgery is customised depending on severity, cause, and patient age. Benefits of Ptosis Surgery Improved visual field. Reduced eye strain and headaches. Balanced, natural eyelid appearance. Better quality of life and confidence. Risks of Surgery Like all surgeries, ptosis correction carries some risks: Asymmetry between eyelids. Under- or over-correction. Dry eyes or incomplete eyelid closure. Infection or bleeding (rare). Most patients recover well with good outcomes when surgery is performed by a qualified eye specialist. Recovery After Ptosis Surgery Outpatient procedure, usually under local anaesthesia. Mild swelling and bruising for 1–2 weeks. Ice packs and prescribed ointment aid healing. Return to normal activities within 1–2 weeks. Full results visible after swelling subsides. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is ptosis surgery cosmetic or medical?  It can be both. If the eyelid obstructs vision, it is considered medical and may be insurance claimable. 2. Can children outgrow congenital ptosis?  No. Without treatment, ptosis may lead to lazy eye. Surgery is often recommended. 3. Does ptosis always need surgery?  No. Mild ptosis without symptoms may be observed. Surgery is needed if vision is affected or for cosmetic concerns. 4. How do I know if my ptosis is serious? If your eyelid blocks your pupil, causes neck strain, or develops suddenly, seek medical care promptly. 5. Is ptosis surgery painful?  It is usually well tolerated under local anaesthesia. Mild discomfort is expected during recovery. 6. Can ptosis recur after surgery? Yes, especially in age-related cases. Revision surgery may be needed in some patients. 7. How long do results last?  Most surgical results are long-lasting, though natural aging may cause changes over time. 8. Can insurance cover ptosis surgery in Singapore? Yes, if it is medically necessary and vision is affected. Cosmetic-only cases are usually not covered. Meet Our Specialist At The Straits Eye Centre, your vision care is in the hands of a dedicated team of experienced ophthalmologists. Each of our doctors brings unique expertise and a shared commitment to delivering thorough, patient-focused care for all ages. Whether you need advanced cataract surgery, paediatric eye management, or treatment for complex eye conditions, our team works together to provide the same attentive care we would want for our own families. Dr Jason Lee Senior Consultant & Medical Director Special interest: Oculoplastics, General Ophthalmology, Myopia, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy Dr Jason Lee has extensive training in eyelid, orbital, and tear system surgery, with fellowships completed in Taiwan and China. Previously a Senior Consultant at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, he co-founded The Vision Mission, a non-profit bringing sustainable eye care to communities in Asia. Cost, Medisave, and Insurance Many procedures at The Straits Eye Centre are eligible for Medisave claims under MOH guidelines, and certain insurance plans may cover part or all of your treatment costs. Our patient care team will guide you through eligibility, claim limits, and paperwork, so you can focus on your recovery. For more details, refer to our Medisave & Insurance Guide. Secure Your Appointment at The Straits Eye Centre at Parkway East Hospital Your vision health deserves timely and professional attention. Book your appointment now at our Parkway East Hospital clinic and take the first step towards clearer, healthier sight. Parkway East Medical Centre, Singapore 427989